Abstract Agri-environment measures to support biodiversity in intensively used agricultural landscapes have been implemented in many European countries, but the large-scale downward trend in many species groups continues. The arable flora is one of the species groups that suffered the steepest declines in European cultural landscapes. Despite their fundamental importance in agroecosystems as the basis of the food web, few studies have tested the effectiveness of different agri-environment measures on the arable flora in replicated field trials over several consecutive years. In a four-year participative project with the farmers, we recorded the effects of four agri-environment measures, namely conservation field margins (CFM), annual fallow strips (fallows), alternately managed biennial flower strips (AFS), and perennial flower strips (PFS), on the species richness, plant cover and composition of the non-crop vegetation in 67 intensively managed arable fields in Northwest Germany. Compared to conventionally managed field edges, all measures led to a large increase in total plant cover (median values across measures and years: 68.5 vs. 9.5 %) and doubling of species richness (21 vs. 9 species per plot), promoting not only generalist species but also the typical arable flora (17 vs. 7 species, 56.5 vs. 8 % cover). Of the 207 plant species recorded during sampling, 43 (including 16 typical arable species) were solely found in measures. All measures promoted forbs more than graminoids, while annual species benefited especially from CFM and fallows. The overall effects on diversity and cover remained stable over the 3-yr implementation period but were significantly influenced by interannual weather fluctuation. Spillover effects of the measures into adjacent conventionally managed crops were not detectable. We conclude that, if well-managed, all tested measures can have a positive effect on the native arable flora even in long-term intensively farmed landscapes. However, especially CFM and the annual fallows are particularly effective in naturally restoring and maintaining arable plant diversity. The limited occurrence of 1/4 of typical arable plant species on less than four fields indicates severely impoverished soil seed banks in intensive farmland. Therefore, the re-introduction of native, rare arable plant species through seed mixtures should be considered in order to promote local diversity and save local populations of these species.

中文翻译：

---

花带、保护区边缘和休耕地促进集约化耕作景观中的可耕植物群：一项为期 4 年的研究结果

摘要 许多欧洲国家已经实施了支持集约化农业景观生物多样性的农业环境措施，但许多物种群体的大规模下降趋势仍在继续。耕地植物群是欧洲文化景观中遭受最严重衰退的物种群之一。尽管它们在作为食物网基础的农业生态系统中具有根本重要性，但很少有研究在连续几年的重复田间试验中测试不同农业环境措施对耕地植物群的有效性。在一个为期四年的农民参与项目中，我们记录了四种农业环境措施的影响，即保护田地边缘 (CFM)、一年生休耕带 (fallows)、交替管理的两年生花带 (AFS) 和多年生花带(PFS), 德国西北部 67 个集约化管理的耕地中非作物植被的物种丰富度、植物覆盖和组成。与传统管理的田地边缘相比，所有措施都导致植物总覆盖率大幅增加（措施和年份的中值：68.5 % 对 9.5 %）和物种丰富度翻倍（每块地 21 对 9 种），不仅促进通才物种和典型的耕地植物群（17 对 7 种，56.5 对 8 % 覆盖率）。在采样记录的207种植物中，仅在措施中发现了43种（包括16种典型可耕种）。所有措施都比禾本科植物更能促进杂草，而一年生物种尤其受益于 CFM 和休耕。在 3 年的实施期内，对多样性和覆盖率的总体影响保持稳定，但受年际天气波动的影响显着。未检测到这些措施对相邻传统管理作物的溢出效应。我们得出的结论是，如果管理得当，所有经过测试的措施都可以对本地可耕地植物群产生积极影响，即使在长期集约化耕作的景观中也是如此。然而，尤其是 CFM 和一年一度的休耕在自然恢复和维持可耕植物多样性方面特别有效。1/4 的典型可耕植物物种在不到 4 个土地上的有限出现表明集约化农田的土壤种子库严重贫乏。因此，重新引入原生，