Studies considering environmental multidrug resistant Acinetobacter spp. are scarce. The application of manure on agricultural field is one source of multidrug resistant bacteria from livestock into the environment. Here, Acinetobacter spp. were quantified by qPCR in manure applied to biogas plants and in the output of the anaerobic digestion, and Acinetobacter spp. isolated from those samples were comprehensively characterized. The concentration of Acinetobacter 16S rRNA gene copies per g fresh weight was in range of 10⁶–10⁸ in manure and decreased (partially significantly) to a still high concentration (10⁵–10⁶) in digestates. 16S rRNA, gyrB-rpoB, and bla_OXA51-like gene sequencing identified 17 different Acinetobacter spp., including six A. baumannii strains. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) showed no close relation of the six strains with globally relevant clonal complexes; however, they represented five novel sequence types. Comparative genomics and physiological tests gave an explanation how Acinetobacter could survive the anaerobic biogas process and indicated copper resistance and the presence of intrinsic beta-lactamases, efflux and virulence genes. However, the A. baumannii strains lacked acquired resistance against carbapenems, colistin, and quinolones. This study provided a detailed characterization of Acinetobacter spp. including A. baumannii released via manure through mesophilic or thermophilic biogas plant into the environment.

中文翻译：

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德国沼气厂粪便和厌氧消化物中的鲍曼不动杆菌。

考虑环境多重耐药性不动杆菌属的研究。稀缺。粪肥在农业领域的应用是从牲畜进入环境的多药耐药菌之一。在这里，不动杆菌属。通过qPCR对应用于沼气厂的粪便，厌氧消化产物和不动杆菌属中的qPCR进行定量。对从这些样品中分离出的样品进行了全面表征。每克鲜重不动杆菌16S rRNA基因拷贝的浓度在粪便中处于10 ⁶ –10 ⁸范围内，并降低（部分显着）至仍然很高的浓度（10 ⁵ –10 ^6））中的摘要。16S rRNA，gyrB-rpoB和bla _OXA51样基因测序鉴定出17种不同的不动杆菌属，包括6个鲍曼不动杆菌菌株。多基因座序列分型（MLST）表明这六种菌株与全球相关的克隆复合体没有密切的关系。然而，它们代表了五种新颖的序列类型。比较基因组学和生理学测试说明了不动杆菌如何在厌氧沼气过程中生存，并表明了铜抗性以及内在β-内酰胺酶，外排和毒力基因的存在。但是，鲍曼不动杆菌菌株缺乏对碳青霉烯类，大肠菌素和喹诺酮类药物的耐药性。这项研究提供了不动杆菌属的详细特征。包括通过中温或嗜热沼气厂通过粪便释放到环境中的鲍曼不动杆菌。