In this study, metal concentrations in the water column and surface sediment of the Sabalan Dam Reservoir (SDR) were determined. Moreover, heavy metal pollution index (HPI), contamination index (CI), heavy metal evaluation index (HEI), enrichment factor (EF), geo-accumulation index (Igeo), sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), consensus-based SQGs (C-BSQGs), and mean probable effect concentration quotients (mPECQs) were evaluated for water and sediments of SDR. It was observed that metal concentrations in river entry sediment were lower, but those in river entry water were higher than corresponding values in the vicinity of the dam structure. The HPI values of water samples taken from 10 m depth in the center of SDR exceeded the critical limit, due to high concentrations of arsenic. However, according to CI, the reservoir water was not contaminated. The HEI values indicated contamination of SDR water with metals at 10 m depth. A comparison of water quality indices revealed that HEI was the most reliable index in water quality assessment, while CI and HPI were not sufficiently accurate. For SQGs, As and Cu concentrations in sediments were high, but mPECQ, Igeo, and EF revealed some degree of sediment pollution in SDR. The calculated EF values suggested minor anthropogenic enrichment of sediment with Fe, Co, V, and Ni; moderate anthropogenic enrichment with As and Mn; and moderate to severe anthropogenic enrichment with Cu. A comparison of SQG values revealed that the threshold effect and probable effect levels were the most reliable metrics in the assessment of sediment toxicity. Statistical analysis indicated similarities between metal concentrations in the center of the reservoir and near to the dam structure, as a result of similar sediment deposition behavior at these points, while higher flow velocity at the river entry point limited deposition of fine particles and associated metals.

中文翻译：

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一个温暖的单一人工湖的水柱和表层沉积物中的金属污染评估：伊朗萨巴兰大坝水库

在这项研究中，确定了 Sabalan 大坝水库 (SDR) 水柱和表层沉积物中的金属浓度。此外，重金属污染指数（HPI）、污染指数（CI）、重金属评价指数（HEI）、富集因子（EF）、地积累指数（Igeo）、沉积物质量指南（SQGs）、基于共识的SQGs（ C-BSQGs) 和平均可能效应浓度商数 (mPECQs) 评估了 SDR 的水和沉积物。观察到入河沉积物中金属浓度较低，但入河水中的金属浓度高于大坝结构附近的相应值。由于高浓度的砷，从 SDR 中心 10 m 深度采集的水样的 HPI 值超过了临界限值。然而，根据CI，水库水没有受到污染。HEI 值表明 SDR 水在 10 m 深度被金属污染。水质指标对比表明，HEI是水质评价中最可靠的指标，而CI和HPI不够准确。对于 SQG，沉积物中的 As 和 Cu 浓度较高，但 mPECQ、Igeo 和 EF 显示 SDR 中存在一定程度的沉积物污染。计算出的 EF 值表明沉积物中 Fe、Co、V 和 Ni 的少量人为富集；As 和 Mn 的适度人为富集；和中度至重度的人为富集铜。SQG 值的比较表明，阈值效应和可能效应水平是沉积物毒性评估中最可靠的指标。