Emerging infectious diseases are major drivers of global and local amphibian biodiversity loss. Therefore, developing effective disinfection methods to manage the impact of diseases in wild and captive “ark” populations are an important goal in amphibian conservation. While chemical disinfectants have been used safely and effectively in larval and adult amphibians infected with pathogenic microbes, their applicability to amphibian egg masses has remained untested. To bridge this gap, we exposed embryos of the common toad (Bufo bufo) and agile frog (Rana dalmatina) experimentally to three widely used disinfectants: voriconazole, chloramphenicol and chlorogen‐sesquihydrate. For 3 days we exposed portions of egg masses to these disinfectants at 1×, 2×, 5× and 10× the concentration recommended for the disinfection of tadpoles and adults. Subsequently, we recorded embryonic and larval survival, as well as larval body mass and the incidence of abnormalities 12 days after hatching. Application of voriconazole had species‐ and concentration‐dependent negative impacts on survival and body mass, and caused marked malformations in the viscerocranial structure of B. bufo tadpoles. Exposure to chlorogen‐sesquihydrate also resulted in significant mortality in B. bufo embryos and negatively affected body mass of R. dalmatina larvae. Chloramphenicol had little negative effects on embryos or larvae in either species. Based on these results, the application of voriconazole and chlorogen‐sesquihydrate cannot be recommended for the disinfection of amphibian eggs, whereas treatment with chloramphenicol appears to be a safe method for eliminating potential pathogens from anuran egg masses and their immediate aquatic environment.

中文翻译：

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无尾目蛋如何消毒？Anuran 胚胎对广泛用于幼虫和后变态两栖动物消毒的化学品的敏感性

新出现的传染病是全球和当地两栖动物生物多样性丧失的主要驱动因素。因此，开发有效的消毒方法来管理疾病对野生和圈养“方舟”种群的影响是两栖动物保护的重要目标。虽然化学消毒剂已安全有效地用于感染病原微生物的两栖动物幼虫和成虫，但它们对两栖动物卵块的适用性仍未得到测试。为了弥补这一差距，我们暴露了普通蟾蜍 ( Bufo bufo ) 和敏捷青蛙 ( Rana dalmatina ) 的胚胎) 三种广泛使用的消毒剂：伏立康唑、氯霉素和绿原倍半水合物。我们将部分卵块暴露于这些消毒剂中，浓度为推荐用于蝌蚪和成虫消毒的浓度的 1 倍、2 倍、5 倍和 10 倍。随后，我们记录了胚胎和幼虫的存活率，以及孵化后 12 天的幼虫体重和异常发生率。伏立康唑的应用对生存和体重具有物种和浓度依赖性的负面影响，并导致B. bufo蝌蚪的内脏颅骨结构显着畸形。暴露于绿原倍半水合物也会导致B. bufo胚胎的显着死亡率，并对R. dalmatina 的体重产生负面影响幼虫。氯霉素对任一物种的胚胎或幼虫几乎没有负面影响。基于这些结果，不推荐使用伏立康唑和倍半水合氯仿对两栖动物卵进行消毒，而用氯霉素处理似乎是从无尾目卵群及其直接水生环境中消除潜在病原体的安全方法。