Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are surface‐active agents used in diverse industrial and commercial applications. They contaminate both freshwater and marine ecosystems, are highly persistent, and accumulate through trophic transfer. Seabirds are exposed to environmental contaminants due to their high trophic position in food webs and relatively long lifespan. We measured levels of 10 perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in egg yolks of yellow‐legged gulls (Larus michahellis) breeding in the northern Adriatic Sea (Northeast Italy). We examined variations in PFAAs within clutches (between eggs of different laying order) and among clutches. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was the most abundant yolk PFAA (mean = 42.0 ng/g wet wt), followed by perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA; 3.8 ng/g wet wt) and perfluorododecanoic acid (PFDoDa; 2.8 ng/g wet wt). The ∑PFAAs averaged 57.4 ng/g wet weight, ranging between 26.5 and 115.0 ng/g wet weight. The PFAA levels varied substantially among clutches (0.29–0.79 of the total variation), whereas the effects of laying order were considerably weaker (0.01–0.13). Egg‐laying order effects were detected for ∑PFAAs, PFOS, perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnA), and PFDoDa, whereby the last‐laid eggs exhibited lower PFAA concentrations than early‐laid eggs. Our results indicate that seagulls from the northern Adriatic basin deposit measurable amounts of PFAAs in their eggs. The large among‐clutches differences in PFAAs suggest that exposure of yellow‐legged gull females to these compounds is highly variable. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:744–753. © 2020 SETAC

中文翻译：

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北亚得里亚海一只海鸟蛋黄全氟烷基酸的离合器内和离合器间变化

全氟烷基物质 (PFAS) 是用于各种工业和商业应用的表面活性剂。它们污染淡水和海洋生态系统，具有高度持久性，并通过营养转移积累。由于海鸟在食物链中的高营养位置和相对较长的寿命，它们暴露于环境污染物中。我们测量了黄腿海鸥 ( Larus michahellis ) 蛋黄中 10 种全氟烷基酸 (PFAAs) 的含量) 繁殖于亚得里亚海北部（意大利东北部）。我们检查了窝内（不同产蛋顺序的鸡蛋之间）和窝之间 PFAA 的变化。全氟辛烷磺酸 (PFOS) 是最丰富的蛋黄 PFAA（平均值 = 42.0 ng/g 湿重），其次是全氟辛酸（PFOA；3.8 ng/g 湿重）和全氟十二烷酸（PFDoDa；2.8 ng/g 湿重）。∑PFAA 平均为 57.4 ng/g 湿重，范围在 26.5 到 115.0 ng/g 湿重之间。不同离合器的 PFAA 水平差异很大（总变化的 0.29-0.79），而铺设顺序的影响要弱得多（0.01-0.13）。检测到 ∑PFAAs、PFOS、全氟壬酸 (PFNA)、全氟癸酸 (PFDA)、全氟十一烷酸 (PFUnA) 和 PFDoDa 的产卵顺序效应，因此，与早产的鸡蛋相比，最后产的鸡蛋的 PFAA 浓度较低。我们的结果表明，来自亚得里亚海盆地北部的海鸥在其卵中沉积了可测量的 PFAA。PFAAs 中离合器之间的巨大差异表明，黄腿鸥雌性暴露于这些化合物中是高度可变的。环境毒理学化学2021；40：744-753。© 2020 SETAC