Zika virus was first identified in Uganda in 1947 but received little attention until 2015 when a large outbreak of Zika virus illness followed by an increased number of babies born with microcephaly occurred in Brazil. Zika virus spread rapidly throughout the Americas, and in 2016 was identified as a cause of microcephaly and other serious birth defects. Since that time, much has been learned about the Zika virus. The virus is primarily spread by the bite of Aedes species mosquitoes; however, other forms of transmission (e.g., sexual and intrauterine) have been recognized. Although postnatal Zika virus infection typically causes mild or no symptoms, effects on infants born to prenatally infected mothers can be severe and include structural birth defects and neurodevelopmental effects. The risk of a structural birth defect among infants born to mothers with confirmed or suspected Zika virus infection during pregnancy has ranged from 5 to 10%. The timing of Zika infection during pregnancy affects risk, with higher risks with the first‐trimester infection. Neurodevelopmental effects are seen even in infants who appear normal in the newborn period. Although cases of Zika virus infection have fallen in the Americas, the Zika virus remains an active threat in some regions of the world. The development of a Zika vaccine will require continued focus and investment. Until a Zika vaccine is available, prevention efforts for pregnant women include avoidance of travel to areas with active Zika transmission, avoidance of mosquito bites for those living in or traveling to areas with Zika transmission, and protection against sexual transmission.

中文翻译：

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致畸剂更新：寨卡病毒和怀孕。

寨卡病毒于 1947 年在乌干达首次被发现，但直到 2015 年巴西大规模爆发寨卡病毒疾病，随后出现小头畸形婴儿数量增加时才受到关注。寨卡病毒在整个美洲迅速传播，并于 2016 年被确定为小头畸形和其他严重出生缺陷的原因。从那时起，人们对寨卡病毒有了很多了解。该病毒主要通过伊蚊叮咬传播种蚊子；然而，其他形式的传播（例如，性传播和宫内传播）已被确认。尽管产后寨卡病毒感染通常会导致轻微或无症状，但对产前感染母亲所生婴儿的影响可能很严重，包括结构性出生缺陷和神经发育影响。怀孕期间确诊或疑似感染寨卡病毒的母亲所生婴儿出现结构性出生缺陷的风险为 5% 至 10%。怀孕期间寨卡病毒感染的时间会影响风险，妊娠早期感染的风险更高。即使在新生儿时期看起来正常的婴儿中也能看到神经发育影响。尽管美洲的寨卡病毒感染病例有所下降，但寨卡病毒在世界某些地区仍然是一个活跃的威胁。寨卡疫苗的开发需要持续关注和投资。在寨卡病毒疫苗可用之前，孕妇的预防工作包括避免前往寨卡病毒传播活跃的地区，避免居住在寨卡病毒传播地区或前往寨卡病毒传播地区的人被蚊虫叮咬，以及防止性传播。