The interaction of fungal pathogens with their host requires a novel invading mechanism and the presence of various virulence-associated components responsible for promoting the infection. The small secretory proteins, explicitly known as effector proteins, are one of the prime mechanisms of host manipulation utilized by the pathogen to disarm the host. Several effector proteins are known to translocate from fungus to the plant cell for host manipulation. Many fungal effectors have been identified using genomic, transcriptomic, and bioinformatics approaches. Most of the effector proteins are devoid of any conserved signatures, and their prediction based on sequence homology is very challenging, therefore by combining the sequence consensus based upon machine learning features, multiple tools have also been developed for predicting apoplastic and cytoplasmic effectors. Various post-genomics approaches like transcriptomics of virulent isolates have also been utilized for identifying active consortia of effectors. Significant progress has been made in understanding biotrophic effectors; however, most of it underway due to their complex interaction with host and complicated recognition and signaling networks. This review discusses advances and challenges in effector identification and highlighted the various features of the potential effector proteins and approaches for understanding their genetics and strategies for regulation.

真菌病原体与其宿主之间的相互作用需要一种新颖的入侵机制，并需要各种与病毒有关的组分来促进感染。小分泌蛋白，明确称为效应蛋白，是病原体用来解除宿主武装的宿主操纵的主要机制之一。已知有几种效应蛋白可从真菌转移到植物细胞中进行宿主操纵。已经使用基因组，转录组学和生物信息学方法鉴定了许多真菌效应子。大多数效应子蛋白没有任何保守的特征，因此基于序列同源性的预测非常具有挑战性，因此，通过结合基于机器学习特征的序列共有性，还已经开发出多种工具来预测质外体和细胞质效应子。各种后基因组学方法（如强毒分离株的转录组学）也已用于鉴定效应子的活性聚体。在理解生物营养效应子方面已经取得了重大进展。但是，由于它们与主机的复杂交互以及复杂的识别和信令网络，因此大多数都在进行中。这篇综述讨论了效应子鉴定的进展和挑战，并强调了潜在效应子蛋白的各种特征以及了解其遗传学和调控策略的方法。在理解生物营养效应子方面已经取得了重大进展。但是，由于它们与主机的复杂交互以及复杂的识别和信令网络，因此大多数都在进行中。这篇综述讨论了效应子鉴定的进展和挑战，并强调了潜在效应子蛋白的各种特征以及了解其遗传学和调控策略的方法。在理解生物营养效应子方面已经取得了重大进展。但是，由于它们与主机的复杂交互以及复杂的识别和信令网络，因此大多数都在进行中。这篇综述讨论了效应子鉴定的进展和挑战，并强调了潜在效应子蛋白的各种特征以及了解其遗传学和调控策略的方法。