Metabolic inflammation (metaflammation) is characteristic of obesity-related metabolic disorders, associated with increased risk of development of type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), or cardiovascular disease. Metaflammation refers to a chronic, low-grade systemic inflammation as opposed to the classical transient and acute inflammatory responses of the innate immune system. Metaflammation is driven by a range of adverse dietary factors, including saturated fatty acids and some sugars, suggesting that certain dietary triggers may be particularly relevant beyond simple excessive dietary intake presenting as obesity. Importantly, obese patients with diabetes have a higher risk of infection and display gut microbiota profiles characteristic of dysfunctional immunity. Targeting metaflammation has also emerged as a strategy to attenuate metabolic disease. In this review we explore how different nutrition interventions may reconfigure disrupted metabolic inflammation in type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by reestablishing a conventional proinflammatory program in innate immune cells and/or correcting dysbiosis to dampen systemic inflammation. We begin by reviewing concepts of metabolic inflammation relating to IL-1β inflammation and how it is induced by dietary and/or metabolic stressors. We then explore whether and how dietary interventions may attenuate processes pertaining to metaflammation, either directly or indirectly via the microbiome. Hence, we hope to bring new perspectives to alleviate the metaflammation typifying metabolic disease.

代谢性炎症（metaflammation）是与肥胖相关的代谢异常的特征，与2型糖尿病，非酒精性脂肪肝疾病（NAFLD）或心血管疾病的发生风险增加有关。与先天性免疫系统的经典瞬时和急性炎症反应相反，炎症化是指慢性，低度全身性炎症。炎症由多种不良饮食因素驱动，包括饱和脂肪酸和一些糖分，提示某些饮食触发因素可能与肥胖引起的单纯过量饮食摄入特别相关。重要的是，患有糖尿病的肥胖患者具有较高的感染风险，并表现出免疫功能障碍的肠道菌群特征。靶向发炎已经作为减轻代谢疾病的策略而出现。在这篇综述中，我们探讨了不同的营养干预措施如何通过在先天免疫细胞中建立常规的促炎程序和/或纠正营养不良以减轻全身性炎症来重新配置2型糖尿病和非酒精性脂肪肝疾病中破坏性的代谢炎症。我们首先回顾与IL-1β炎症相关的代谢炎症的概念，以及饮食和/或代谢应激源如何诱导它。然后，我们探讨了饮食干预措施是否以及如何通过微生物组直接或间接地减轻与发炎有关的过程。因此，我们希望带来新的观点来减轻以代谢疾病为代表的炎症。在这篇综述中，我们探讨了不同的营养干预措施如何通过在先天免疫细胞中建立常规的促炎程序和/或纠正营养不良以减轻全身性炎症来重新配置2型糖尿病和非酒精性脂肪肝疾病中破坏性的代谢炎症。我们首先回顾与IL-1β炎症相关的代谢炎症的概念，以及饮食和/或代谢应激源如何诱导它。然后，我们探讨了饮食干预措施是否以及如何通过微生物组直接或间接地减轻与发炎有关的过程。因此，我们希望带来新的观点来减轻以代谢疾病为代表的炎症。在这篇综述中，我们探讨了不同的营养干预措施如何通过在先天免疫细胞中建立常规的促炎程序和/或纠正营养不良以减轻全身性炎症来重新配置2型糖尿病和非酒精性脂肪肝疾病中破坏性的代谢炎症。我们首先回顾与IL-1β炎症相关的代谢炎症的概念，以及饮食和/或代谢应激源如何诱导它。然后，我们探讨了饮食干预措施是否以及如何通过微生物组直接或间接地减轻与发炎有关的过程。因此，我们希望带来新的观点来减轻以代谢疾病为代表的炎症。