Hormones regulate development, as well as many vital processes in the daily life of an animal. Many of these hormones are peptides that act at a higher hierarchical level in the animal with roles as organizers that globally orchestrate metabolism, physiology and behavior. Peptide hormones can act on multiple peripheral targets and simultaneously convey basal states, such as metabolic status and sleep-awake or arousal across many central neuronal circuits. Thereby, they coordinate responses to changing internal and external environments. The activity of neurosecretory cells is controlled either by (1) cell autonomous sensors, or (2) by other neurons that relay signals from sensors in peripheral tissues and (3) by feedback from target cells. Thus, a hormonal signaling axis commonly comprises several components. In mammals and other vertebrates, several hormonal axes are known, such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis or the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis that regulate reproduction and metabolism, respectively. It has been proposed that the basic organization of such hormonal axes is evolutionarily old and that cellular homologs of the hypothalamic-pituitary system can be found for instance in insects. To obtain an appreciation of the similarities between insect and vertebrate neurosecretory axes, we review the organization of neurosecretory cell systems in Drosophila. Our review outlines the major peptidergic hormonal pathways known in Drosophila and presents a set of schemes of hormonal axes and orchestrating peptidergic systems. The detailed organization of the larval and adult Drosophila neurosecretory systems displays only very basic similarities to those in other arthropods and vertebrates.

中文翻译：

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果蝇的激素轴：激素释放和作用多样性的调节

激素调节发育以及动物日常生活中的许多重要过程。这些激素中有许多是肽，在动物体内发挥较高层次的作用，充当全局协调新陈代谢、生理和行为的组织者。肽激素可以作用于多个外周靶标，并同时传递基础状态，例如许多中枢神经元回路的代谢状态和睡眠觉醒或觉醒。因此，他们协调对不断变化的内部和外部环境的响应。神经分泌细胞的活动由（1）细胞自主传感器控制，或（2）由传递来自外周组织传感器的信号的其他神经元控制，以及（3）来自靶细胞的反馈。因此，激素信号轴通常包含几个组件。在哺乳动物和其他脊椎动物中，已知有几种激素轴，例如分别调节生殖和新陈代谢的下丘脑-垂体-性腺轴或下丘脑-垂体-甲状腺轴。有人提出，这种激素轴的基本组织在进化上是古老的，并且下丘脑-垂体系统的细胞同源物可以在例如昆虫中找到。为了了解昆虫和脊椎动物神经分泌轴之间的相似性，我们回顾了果蝇神经分泌细胞系统的组织。我们的综述概述了果蝇中已知的主要肽能激素途径，并提出了一套激素轴和协调肽能系统的方案。幼虫和成体果蝇神经分泌系统的详细组织与其他节肢动物和脊椎动物的神经分泌系统仅表现出非常基本的相似之处。