Grape is highly sensitive to gibberellin (GA), which is crucial during seed and berry development (SBD) either by itself or by interacting with other hormones, such as auxin, Abscisic acid (ABA), and Cytokinin (CK). However, no systematic analysis of GA metabolic and signal transduction (MST) pathway has been undertaken in grapevine. In this study, total endogenous GA3 content significantly decreased during SBD, and a total of 48 known genes in GA metabolic (GAM; 31) and signal transduction (ST; 17) pathways were identified in this process. In the GAM pathway, out of 31 genes, VvGA20ox1–1, VvGA3ox4–1, and VvGA2ox1–1 may be the major factors interacting at the green-berry stage (GBS) accompanied with higher accumulation rate. GA biosynthesis was greater than GA inactivation at GBS, confirming the importance of seeds in GA synthesis. The visible correlation between endogenous GA3 content and gene expression profiles suggested that the transcriptional regulation of GA biosynthesis pathway genes was a key mechanism of GA accumulation at the stone-hardening stage (SHS). Interestingly, we observed a negative feedback regulation between VvGA3oxs-VvGAI1–4, VvGA2oxs-VvGAI1–4, and VvGID1B-VvGAI1–4 in maintaining the balance of GA3 content in berries. Moreover, 11 miRNAs may be involved in the modulation of GA MST pathway by mediating their target genes, such as VvGA3ox, VvGID1B, and VvGAMYB. Many genes in auxin, ABA, and CK MST pathways were further identified and found to have a special pattern in the berry, and the crosstalk between GA and these hormones may modulate the complex process during SBD through the interaction gene network of the multihormone pathway. Lastly, based on the expression characterization of multihormone MST pathway genes, a proposed model of the GA-mediated multihormone regulatory network during SBD was proposed. Our results provided novel insights into GA-mediated regulatory networks during SBD in grape. The complexity of GA-mediated multihormone ST in SBD was also elucidated, thereby providing valuable information for future functional characterizations of specific genes in grape.

中文翻译：

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介导葡萄（Vitis vinifera L.）种子和浆果发育（SBD）的赤霉素代谢和信号转导（GA MST）途径的全基因组鉴定和表征。


葡萄对赤霉素 (GA) 高度敏感，赤霉素本身或通过与生长素、脱落酸 (ABA) 和细胞分裂素 (CK) 等其他激素相互作用，在种子和浆果发育 (SBD) 过程中至关重要。然而，尚未对葡萄中的 GA 代谢和信号转导 (MST) 途径进行系统分析。在这项研究中，SBD期间内源性GA3总含量显着降低，在此过程中总共鉴定了GA代谢（GAM；31）和信号转导（ST；17）途径中的48个已知基因。在GAM途径中，在31个基因中，VvGA20ox1-1、VvGA3ox4-1和VvGA2ox1-1可能是青浆果阶段（GBS）相互作用的主要因素，且积累率较高。 GBS 时 GA 生物合成大于 GA 失活，证实了种子在 GA 合成中的重要性。内源 GA3 含量与基因表达谱之间的明显相关性表明，GA 生物合成途径基因的转录调控是石硬化阶段 (SHS) GA 积累的关键机制。有趣的是，我们观察到 VvGA3oxs-VvGAI1–4、VvGA2oxs-VvGAI1–4 和 VvGID1B-VvGAI1–4 之间存在负反馈调节，以维持浆果中 GA3 含量的平衡。此外，11个miRNA可能通过介导其靶基因参与GA MST途径的调节，例如VvGA3ox、VvGID1B和VvGAMYB。生长素、ABA和CK MST途径中的许多基因被进一步鉴定并发现在浆果中具有特殊的模式，并且GA和这些激素之间的串扰可能通过多激素途径的相互作用基因网络来调节SBD期间的复杂过程。 最后，基于多激素MST途径基因的表达特征，提出了SBD期间GA介导的多激素调节网络的模型。我们的结果为葡萄 SBD 期间 GA 介导的调控网络提供了新的见解。还阐明了 SBD 中 GA 介导的多激素 ST 的复杂性，从而为未来葡萄特定基因的功能表征提供了有价值的信息。