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Micro- and Nanoplastic Exposure Effects in Microalgae: A Meta-Analysis of Standard Growth Inhibition Tests
Frontiers in Environmental Science ( IF 4.6 ) Pub Date : 2020-08-21 , DOI: 10.3389/fenvs.2020.00131
Sophia Reichelt , Elena Gorokhova

Background: Ecological impacts of micro- and nanoplastics particles (MNP) are among the most discussed environmental concerns. In algae, MNP are commonly hypothesized to reduce growth, which is a standard ecotoxicological endpoint. However, the reported test outcomes vary, with both growth inhibition and stimulation being observed. Due to this conflict of information, a data synthesis for MNP potential to cause growth inhibition in toxicity testing is needed. Methods: We performed a meta-analysis study to assess the effect of MNP exposure on algal growth. Twenty studies published between 2010 and 2020 and representing 16 algal species and five polymer materials administered as particles in size range 0.04–3,000 μm were included in this meta-analysis. A random-effect model was used to estimate the effect size in three datasets: (1) Low concentration range (<100 mg/L), (2) High concentration range (≥100 mg/L), and (3) Full range model (0.004–1,100 mg/L), which encompassed all studies using the combination of experimental settings (test species, MNP concentration, polymer material, and particle size) yielding the highest effect size within a study. Results: The exposure to MNP was not significantly associated with growth inhibition in any of the models tested. However, a high heterogeneity between the studies was found in all three models. Neither MNP concentration nor polymer material contributed significantly to the heterogeneity, whereas polymer density had a significant moderating effect, with a higher risk of growth inhibition at lower densities. We also identified a publication bias, with small studies that reported significant inhibition being overrepresented in our dataset. Conclusions: The meta-analysis found limited evidence for MNP effect on microalgal growth in the standard algal growth inhibition test. The heterogeneity and varying methodological quality of studies limited the interpretation and the confidence in the findings. For hazard assessment, standardization and controlled exposure are needed as well as more sensitive endpoints that can inform us about the effect mechanisms. Finally, using particle-free controls in such tests cannot account for the presence of inert particulates in the test system, and, hence, does not allow to attribute observed effects to the test polymers.

中文翻译:

微藻中的微塑料和纳米塑料暴露效应:标准生长抑制试验的元分析

背景:微塑料和纳米塑料颗粒 (MNP) 的生态影响是讨论最多的环境问题之一。在藻类中,通常假设 MNP 会减少生长,这是标准的生态毒理学终点。然而,报告的测试结果各不相同,观察到生长抑制和刺激。由于这种信息冲突,需要对 MNP 在毒性测试中引起生长抑制的潜力进行数据合成。方法:我们进行了一项荟萃分析研究,以评估 MNP 暴露对藻类生长的影响。该荟萃分析包括了 2010 年至 2020 年间发表的 20 项研究,这些研究代表了 16 种藻类和 5 种以粒径范围为 0.04-3,000 μm 的颗粒形式施用的聚合物材料。随机效应模型用于估计三个数据集中的效应大小:(1) 低浓度范围 (<100 mg/L),(2) 高浓度范围 (≥100 mg/L),以及 (3) 全范围模型 (0.004–1,100 mg/L),包括所有使用实验设置(测试种类、MNP 浓度、聚合物材料和粒径)的组合,在研究中产生最高的效应量。结果:在任何测试模型中,暴露于 MNP 与生长抑制没有显着相关性。然而,在所有三个模型中都发现了研究之间的高度异质性。MNP 浓度和聚合物材料都对异质性没有显着贡献,而聚合物密度具有显着的调节作用,在较低密度下具有较高的生长抑制风险。我们还发现了发表偏倚,小型研究报告了我们数据集中的显着抑制作用。结论:荟萃分析发现在标准藻类生长抑制试验中 MNP 对微藻生长影响的证据有限。研究的异质性和不同的方法学质量限制了对结果的解释和可信度。对于危害评估,需要标准化和受控暴露以及可以告知我们影响机制的更敏感的终点。最后,在此类测试中使用无颗粒控制不能解释测试系统中惰性颗粒的存在,因此,不允许将观察到的影响归因于测试聚合物。荟萃分析发现,在标准藻类生长抑制试验中,MNP 对微藻生长的影响的证据有限。研究的异质性和不同的方法学质量限制了对结果的解释和可信度。对于危害评估,需要标准化和受控暴露以及可以告知我们影响机制的更敏感的终点。最后,在此类测试中使用无颗粒控制不能解释测试系统中惰性颗粒的存在,因此,不允许将观察到的影响归因于测试聚合物。荟萃分析发现,在标准藻类生长抑制试验中,MNP 对微藻生长的影响的证据有限。研究的异质性和不同的方法学质量限制了对结果的解释和可信度。对于危害评估,需要标准化和受控暴露以及可以告知我们影响机制的更敏感的终点。最后,在此类测试中使用无颗粒控制不能解释测试系统中惰性颗粒的存在,因此,不允许将观察到的影响归因于测试聚合物。需要标准化和受控暴露以及可以告知我们效应机制的更敏感的终点。最后,在此类测试中使用无颗粒控制不能解释测试系统中惰性颗粒的存在,因此,不允许将观察到的影响归因于测试聚合物。需要标准化和受控暴露以及可以告知我们效应机制的更敏感的终点。最后,在此类测试中使用无颗粒控制不能解释测试系统中惰性颗粒的存在,因此,不允许将观察到的影响归因于测试聚合物。
更新日期:2020-08-21
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