Employing the transmembrane electrostatic proton localization theory with a new membrane potential equation, neural resting and action potential is now much better understood as the voltage contributed by the localized protons/cations at a neural liquid- membrane interface. Accordingly, the neural resting/action potential is essentially a protonic/cationic membrane capacitor behavior. It is now understood with a newly formulated action potential equation: when action potential is below zero (negative number), the localized protons/cations charge density at the liquid-membrane interface along the periplasmic side are above zero (positive number); when the action potential is above zero, the concentration of the localized protons and localized non-proton cations is below zero, indicating a "depolarization" state. The nonlinear curve of the localized protons/cations charge density in the real-time domain of an action potential spike appears as an inverse mirror image to the action potential. The newly formulated action potential equation provides biophysical insights for neuron electrophysiology, which may represent a complementary development to the classic Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation. Using the action potential equation, the biological significance of axon myelination is now also elucidated as to provide protonic insulation and prevent any ions both inside and outside the neuron from interfering with the action potential signal, so that the action potential can quickly propagate along the axon with minimal (e.g., 40-times less) energy requirement.

中文翻译：

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质子导体：更好地理解神经静息和动作电位。

使用具有新膜电位方程的跨膜静电质子定位理论，神经静息和动作电位现在被更好地理解为神经液膜界面处的定位质子/阳离子贡献的电压。因此，神经静息/动作电位本质上是一种质子/阳离子膜电容器行为。现在用新制定的动作电位方程来理解：当动作电位低于零（负数）时，沿周质侧的液膜界面的局部质子/阳离子电荷密度高于零（正数）；当动作电位高于零时，局部质子和局部非质子阳离子的浓度低于零，表明处于“去极化”状态。动作电位尖峰实时域中局部质子/阳离子电荷密度的非线性曲线表现为动作电位的反镜像。新制定的动作电位方程为神经元电生理学提供了生物物理学见解，这可能代表了经典 Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz 方程的补充发展。使用动作电位方程，现在还阐明轴突髓鞘形成的生物学意义，即提供质子绝缘并防止神经元内外的任何离子干扰动作电位信号，从而使动作电位可以沿着轴突快速传播具有最小（例如，少 40 倍）的能量需求。