Breeding forest species can be a costly and slow process because of the extensive areas needed for field trials and the long periods (e.g., five years) that are required to measure economically and environmentally relevant phenotypes (e.g., adult plant biomass or plant height). Genomic selection (GS) and indirect selection using early phenotypes (e.g., phenotypes collected in greenhouse conditions) are two ways by which tree breeding can be accelerated. These approaches can both reduce the costs of field‐testing and the time required to make selection decisions. Moreover, these approaches can be highly synergistic. Therefore, in this study, we used a data set comprising DNA genotypes and longitudinal measurements of growth collected from a population of Populus deltoides W. Bartram ex Marshall (eastern cottonwood) in the greenhouse and the field, to evaluate the potential impact of integrating large‐scale greenhouse phenotyping with conventional GS. We found that the integration of greenhouse phenotyping and GS can deliver very early selection decisions that are moderately accurate. Therefore, we conclude that the adoption of these approaches, in conjunction with reproductive techniques that shorten the generation interval, can lead to an unprecedented acceleration of selection gains in P. deltoides and, potentially, other commercially planted tree species.

中文翻译：

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整合基因组选择和温室表型促进林木育种

由于实地试验需要大面积的土地，并且测量经济和环境相关表型（例如成年植物生物量或植物高度）需要很长时间（例如五年），因此育种森林物种可能是一个代价高昂且缓慢的过程。基因组选择（GS）和使用早期表型（例如，在温室条件下收集的表型）的间接选择是可以加快树木育种的两种方法。这些方法既可以减少现场测试的成本，又可以减少做出选择决定所需的时间。而且，这些方法可以高度协同。因此，在这项研究中，我们使用了一个数据集，该数据集包括DNA基因型和从三角果杨种群中收集的生长的纵向测量值W. Bartram ex Marshall（东部杨木）在温室和田间，以评估将大型温室表型与常规GS整合的潜在影响。我们发现，温室表型和GS的整合可以提供非常准确的非常早期的选择决策。因此，我们得出结论，采用这些方法，再加上缩短世代间隔的生殖技术，可以导致空腹假单胞菌以及可能的其他商业种植树种的选择获得空前的加速。