Abstract Herein, silver/manganese(II,III) oxide (Ag/Mn3O4) composites were used as photocatalysts to degrade the Congo red (CR) dye through photocatalysis (light) and sonophotocatalysis (light + ultrasound) under ultraviolet (UV)- and visible-light irradiation. Mn3O4 was prepared via a conventional sol–gel method, and the composites containing Ag were synthesized with various Ag-to-Mn3O4 molar ratios via a hydrothermal technique. The as-synthesized photocatalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, surface plasmonic resonance, Raman spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherm measurements, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The characterization results revealed that the Mn3O4 nanoparticles were successfully coupled with Ag nanoparticles and that the concentration of Ag nanoparticles influenced the composites’ physicochemical properties. The catalytic activity was observed under optimum pH conditions. A substantial enhancement of the removal of CR was observed when ultrasound was used during the photodegradation process. The samples exhibited excellent stability in four-cycle reusability tests. The addition of a scavenger was also studied to observe the contribution of reactive species.

中文翻译：

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使用 Ag/Mn3O4 纳米复合材料对刚果红降解的紫外和可见光光催化和声光催化活性

摘要 在此，银/氧化锰 (II,III) 复合材料 (Ag/Mn3O4) 用作光催化剂，在紫外 (UV) 和声光催化 (光) 和声光催化 (光 + 超声波) 下降解刚果红 (CR) 染料。可见光照射。Mn3O4 是通过传统的溶胶-凝胶法制备的，含 Ag 的复合材料是通过水热技术合成的，具有不同的 Ag/Mn3O4 摩尔比。合成的光催化剂通过 X 射线衍射、X 射线荧光、能量色散 X 射线光谱、X 射线光电子能谱、表面等离子体共振、拉曼光谱、氮吸附-解吸等温线测量、扫描电子显微镜、和透射电子显微镜。表征结果表明，Mn3O4 纳米粒子成功地与Ag 纳米粒子偶联，并且Ag 纳米粒子的浓度影响了复合材料的理化性质。在最佳pH条件下观察到催化活性。当在光降解过程中使用超声波时，观察到 CR 去除的显着增强。样品在四次循环重复使用性测试中表现出优异的稳定性。还研究了清除剂的添加以观察活性物质的贡献。当在光降解过程中使用超声波时，观察到 CR 去除的显着增强。样品在四次循环重复使用性测试中表现出优异的稳定性。还研究了清除剂的添加以观察活性物质的贡献。当在光降解过程中使用超声波时，观察到 CR 去除的显着增强。样品在四次循环重复使用性测试中表现出优异的稳定性。还研究了清除剂的添加以观察活性物质的贡献。