Viruses reshape the organization of the cell interior to achieve different steps of their cellular cycle. Particularly, viral replication and assembly often take place in viral factories where specific viral and cellular proteins as well as nucleic acids concentrate. Viral factories can be either membrane-delimited or devoid of any cellular membranes. In the latter case, they are referred as membrane-less replication compartments. The most emblematic ones are the Negri bodies, which are inclusion bodies that constitute the hallmark of rabies virus infection. Interestingly, Negri bodies and several other viral replication compartments have been shown to arise from a liquid-liquid phase separation process and, thus, constitute a new class of liquid organelles. This is a paradigm shift in the field of virus replication. Here, we review the different aspects of membrane-less virus replication compartments with a focus on the Mononegavirales order and discuss their interactions with the host cell machineries and the cytoskeleton. We particularly examine the interplay between viral factories and the cellular innate immune response, of which several components also form membrane-less condensates in infected cells.

病毒重塑细胞内部的组织，以实现细胞周期的不同步骤。特别是，病毒复制和组装通常发生在特定病毒和细胞蛋白质以及核酸集中的病毒工厂中。病毒工厂可以是有膜限制的，也可以没有任何细胞膜。在后一种情况下，它们被称为无膜复制室。最具代表性的是内格里小体，它是构成狂犬病病毒感染标志的包涵体。有趣的是，内格里体和其他几种病毒复制区室已被证明是由液-液相分离过程产生的，因此构成了一类新的液体细胞器。这是病毒复制领域的范式转变。在这里，我们回顾了无膜病毒复制区室的不同方面，重点关注单链病毒目，并讨论了它们与宿主细胞机制和细胞骨架的相互作用。我们特别研究了病毒工厂和细胞先天免疫反应之间的相互作用，其中一些成分也在受感染的细胞中形成无膜凝聚物。