Abstract This study is focused on the knowledge of clays historically used in manufacturing of ceramic pavement and coatings from the province of Castellon (NE, Spain) with a large ceramic industry. This research began in the early 1980s in the research group led by Professor T. Sanfeliu and continues today. This review paper and the last advances in knowledge have been written in honor of Professor E. Galan, one of the pioneers in the study of ceramic clays and kaolin in Spain. The objective of this paper is to extract conclusions about mineralogy, porosity and bending strength in ceramic test bodies manufactured using Tertiary-age, Cretaceous and Permo–Triassic local clays. Tertiary clays show a high CaO content and their predominant mineral phases are calcite and quartz. Cretaceous clays show a scarce CaO content. These Cretaceous raw materials are clays with high quartz and illite percentages. Permo–Triassic clays present a difference in the K2O and Fe2O3 content. The mineralogical composition is mainly formed by quartz, clay minerals and hematites. Ceramic test bodies were molded by extrusion and undergoing a firing process. Characterization of the fired clays was accomplished by TOM and XRD. Granular texture and porphyry structure, quartz phenocrysts and opaque hematite crystals were observed. Illitic clays rich in carbonates form plagioclases, wollastonite and gehlenite from 950 °C. In samples with low content in calcite and dolomite, the predominant mineral phases are quartz and hematite from 1000 °C onwards. A mercury porosimeter was used for determining the porous texture of ceramic matrix. A progressive reduction in open porosity and an increase of bending strength are observed with increasing temperature. The essays for bending strength were carried out by an INSTRON. A decline in porosity was observed when temperature rise associated with an increase in bending strength. Establishing relations between bending strength and the seven parameters studied link to the porous behaviour of the ceramic tests it was not possible because empirical equations do not fit experimental results.

中文翻译：

---

来自 Castellon 陶瓷簇（西班牙）的第三纪、白垩纪和二叠纪-三叠纪粘土的烧成行为

摘要 本研究的重点是历史上用于制造陶瓷路面和涂料的粘土知识，该粘土来自拥有大型陶瓷工业的卡斯特利翁省（西班牙东北部）。这项研究始于 1980 年代初，由 T. Sanfeliu 教授领导的研究小组进行，一直持续到今天。这篇评论论文和最新的知识进展是为了纪念西班牙陶瓷粘土和高岭土研究的先驱之一 E. Galan 教授而撰写的。本文的目的是得出关于使用第三纪、白垩纪和二叠纪-三叠纪当地粘土制造的陶瓷试验体的矿物学、孔隙率和弯曲强度的结论。三次粘土显示出高 CaO 含量，其主要矿物相是方解石和石英。白垩纪粘土显示出稀缺的 CaO 含量。这些白垩纪原材料是石英和伊利石含量高的粘土。二叠纪-三叠纪粘土的 K2O 和 Fe2O3 含量存在差异。矿物成分主要由石英、粘土矿物和赤铁矿组成。陶瓷测试体通过挤压成型并经历烧制过程。烧制粘土的表征是通过 TOM 和 XRD 完成的。观察到粒状结构和斑岩结构，石英斑晶和不透明的赤铁矿晶体。富含碳酸盐的伊利石粘土从 950 °C 形成斜长石、硅灰石和钙黄长石。在方解石和白云石含量较低的样品中，从 1000 °C 开始，主要矿物相是石英和赤铁矿。水银孔隙率计用于测定陶瓷基体的多孔结构。随着温度的升高，观察到开孔率逐渐降低和弯曲强度增加。弯曲强度的论文由 INSTRON 进行。当温度升高与弯曲强度的增加相关时，观察到孔隙率下降。建立弯曲强度和研究的七个参数之间的关系与陶瓷测试的多孔行为有关，这是不可能的，因为经验方程不符合实验结果。