Biologging has revealed many of the mysteries surrounding seabird behavior far from land. However, tagging seabirds with biologgers may influence the very traits they are designed to observe. Such ‘tag effects’ are often argued to be minimal below a threshold of 3% of body mass. Nonetheless, few studies carefully separate handling from tagging effects, so the effect of tag size is often confounded with the effect of handling. Puffins, including rhinoceros auklets Cerorhinca monocerata, are notoriously difficult to work with due to high nest abandonment rates. To examine tagging and handling effects in rhinoceros auklets, we compared abandonment rates of individuals equipped with a GPS weighing ~2.3% of body mass with abandonment rates of birds handled but not equipped, and of birds not handled at all (controls). We used the egg flotation technique to estimate egg development and predict hatching date, thus allowing treatments to be applied at the appropriate time. Handling more than doubled abandonment rates compared to control birds, and tagging more than doubled abandonment rates compared to birds that were handled but not tagged. Abandonment rates decreased as incubation progressed and were lowest during chick-rearing. We conclude that both handling and tagging of auklets in crease abandonment, and that effects are lowest during chick-rearing.

中文翻译：

---

低于体重 3% 的标签会增加犀牛 auklets 的弃巢率，但随着繁殖的进行，处理影响会下降

生物记录揭示了许多围绕远离陆地的海鸟行为的奥秘。然而，用生物记录器标记海鸟可能会影响它们被设计用来观察的特征。这种“标签效应”通常被认为在低于体重 3% 的阈值时是最小的。尽管如此，很少有研究将处理与标签效应仔细分开，因此标签大小的影响经常与处理的影响混淆。众所周知，海雀（包括犀牛 auklets Cerorhinca monocerata）由于巢穴遗弃率高而难以处理。为了检查犀牛 auklets 的标记和处理效果，我们比较了配备 GPS 体重约 2.3% 的个体的遗弃率与处理但未配备的鸟类和根本没有处理的鸟类（对照）的遗弃率。我们使用卵子漂浮技术来估计卵子发育并预测孵化日期，从而允许在适当的时间进行处理。与控制鸟类相比，处理遗弃率增加了一倍以上，与处理但未标记的鸟类相比，标记遗弃率增加了一倍以上。遗弃率随着孵化的进行而下降，在雏鸡饲养期间是最低的。我们得出的结论是，处理和标记小海雀都会增加放弃率，并且在小鸡饲养期间影响最低。遗弃率随着孵化的进行而下降，在雏鸡饲养期间是最低的。我们得出的结论是，处理和标记小海雀都会增加放弃率，并且在小鸡饲养期间影响最低。遗弃率随着孵化的进行而下降，在雏鸡饲养期间是最低的。我们得出的结论是，处理和标记小海雀都会增加放弃率，并且在小鸡饲养期间影响最低。