ABSTRACT: Larval dispersal is a critical step in the life-histories of sessile benthic invertebrates. There is a growing body of research showing plasticity in marine invertebrate larvae, but the causes and ranges of intraspecific variation in larvae are not completely understood. In this study, field-based collections of Crepidula fornicata larvae in 2017 motivated a laboratory experiment on carryover effects in 2019. Experimental conditions that approximated environmental conditions experienced by mothers in the field were used to test whether seasonal environmental variations during brooding could lead to differences in larval size and the time to develop to competency. Mothers were kept in 2 different temperature and feeding treatments during brooding, but larvae were cultured in a common garden. Larvae that were brooded at spring temperatures (~13°C) took longer to develop to competency in the common garden and grew larger before becoming competent than larvae brooded at warmer summer temperatures (~21°C). There was no effect of maternal feeding (fed or not fed) on time to develop to competency or larval size. Thus, C. fornicata larvae released earlier in the year are likely to spend longer periods in the water column. They may disperse farther and grow to larger size before settlement. C. fornicata is a model species for larval biology. The results of this study can be used to inform biophysical modelling efforts and refine predictions of connectivity or species range shifts in a changing climate.

中文翻译：

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育雏条件对拖鞋Crepidula fornicata幼虫的残留效应

摘要：幼虫扩散是无柄底栖无脊椎动物生活史上的关键一步。越来越多的研究表明，海洋无脊椎动物幼虫具有可塑性，但是尚未完全了解幼虫种内变异的原因和范围。在这项研究中，Crepidula fornicata的野外采集2017年，幼虫在2019年启动了一项关于遗留效应的实验室实验。采用近似实地母亲所经历的环境条件的实验条件来测试育雏过程中的季节性环境变化是否会导致幼体大小的差异以及发育能力的时间。育雏期间，母亲被保持在两个不同的温度和喂养处理中，但是幼虫在一个共同的花园中养殖。在春季温度（〜13°C）下孵化的幼虫要比在夏季温暖的温度（〜21°C）下孵化的幼虫更长的时间才能在普通花园中发育，并且变得成熟。产妇喂食（喂食或不喂食）对发育能力或幼虫体型没有影响。因此，C。fornicata今年早些时候释放的幼虫可能在水柱中停留更长的时间。它们可能分散得更远，并在沉降之前长大。C. fornicata是幼虫生物学的模型物种。这项研究的结果可用于为生物物理建模工作提供信息，并改善气候变化中连通性或物种范围变化的预测。