The ongoing and often synergistic effects of habitat loss, invasive species, and climate change pose challenges for conservation and management as widespread species become greatly reduced, sometimes to a single small population. To address this problem, conservation biologists must consider using approaches like translocation to create new populations, reducing the probability of extinction by splitting a population into 2 or more populations in geographically distinct locales. The puaiohi Myadestes palmeri, an endangered Hawaiian forest bird, has a small population size (494; 95% CI: 414−580) and restricted range (~40 km2). One recovery plan objective involves translocating birds to higher elevation Hawaiian Islands. To evaluate translocation scenarios, we built upon previously developed population viability analysis models and considered how translocation regimes (initial harvest/population, number harvested/supplemented per event, harvest/supplementation interval, and length of harvest/supplementation) would affect both original and new populations. Furthermore, we modeled the puaiohi release population under 3 different conditions: a stable population, a predator-controlled environment, and a habitat improved in terms of resource availability. Our results indicated that while translocation offers hope of increasing puaiohi population size and decreasing extinction risk, success will depend on conditions at the release site. Furthermore, harvest and rearing of eggs to the juvenile stage or reestablishment of a captive breeding program may be necessary to provide enough birds to trans locate, as the current wild population may not be productive enough to sustain levels of harvest necessary to successfully establish a new population.

中文翻译：

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濒危puaiohi Myadestes palmeri易位机制分析

栖息地丧失、入侵物种和气候变化的持续和经常协同效应给保护和管理带来了挑战，因为广泛分布的物种大大减少，有时只剩下一个小种群。为了解决这个问题，保护生物学家必须考虑使用易位等方法来创造新的种群，通过在地理上不同的地方将种群分成 2 个或更多种群来降低灭绝的可能性。puaiohi Myadestes palmeri 是一种濒临灭绝的夏威夷森林鸟类，种群规模较小（494；95% CI：414−580）且范围有限（~40 平方公里）。一项恢复计划目标涉及将鸟类转移到海拔更高的夏威夷群岛。为了评估易位情况，我们建立在先前开发的种群生存力分析模型的基础上，并考虑了易位机制（初始收获/种群、每次事件收获/补充的数量、收获/补充间隔以及收获/补充的长度）将如何影响原始种群和新种群。此外，我们模拟了 3 种不同条件下的 puaiohi 释放种群：稳定的种群、捕食者控制的环境以及在资源可用性方面得到改善的栖息地。我们的结果表明，虽然易位提供了增加 puaiohi 种群规模和降低灭绝风险的希望，但成功将取决于释放地点的条件。此外，可能需要收获和饲养鸡蛋到幼年阶段或重新建立圈养繁殖计划，以提供足够的鸟类进行迁移，