ABSTRACT: Ingestion of microplastics by marine organisms is a common occurrence in marine ecosystems, but the experimental demonstration of the effects of ingested microplastics on marine organisms has only recently become an important subject of research. In this review, the ingestion of microplastics by marine organisms, its attendant potential consequences and specific hypothetical questions for further studies are discussed. The formation of heteroaggregates in the gut of prey organisms may delay microplastic clearance, potentially increasing the chances of microplastic trophic transfer to predators. Also, the survival and energetics of keystone species at lower trophic levels are negatively affected by ingestion of microplastics, thereby raising questions about the transfer of energy and nutrients to organisms at higher trophic levels. Further, since microplastics are able to adsorb and concentrate organic pollutants up to 1 million times more than the pollutant concentration in ambient waters, the ingestion of such small plastic fragments is, a probable route for the entrance and biomagnification of toxic chemicals in the marine food web. However, the equilibrium state between pollutant concentration in marine organisms and that of surrounding waters makes it unclear whether the ingestion of microplastics actually increases the pollutant load of organisms. Finally, microplastic ingestion can cause endocrine disorders in adult fish, which could result in neoplasia via epigenetic programming. Therefore, microplastic pollution may be a contributory cause of increased incidents of neoplasia in marine animals. The amount of microplastics in marine waters will steadily rise, and questions about their impact on marine ecosystems will linger.

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盛宴参加微塑料：海洋生物的摄入及其影响

摘要：海洋生物对微生物的摄入是海洋生态系统中的一种普遍现象，但是关于摄入微生物对海洋生物的影响的实验证明直到最近才成为重要的研究课题。在这篇综述中，讨论了海洋生物对微塑料的摄入，其潜在的后果以及需要进一步研究的特定假设问题。捕食生物肠道中异种聚集体的形成可能会延迟微生物的清除，从而潜在地增加了将微生物的营养转移到捕食者的机会。同样，低营养水平的梯形菌种的生存和能量受到摄入微塑料的负面影响，从而引发了有关营养和能量向较高营养水平的生物转移的问题。此外，由于微塑料能够吸附和浓缩比环境水中污染物浓度高一百万倍的有机污染物，因此摄入这种小的塑料碎片可能是海洋食品中有毒化学物质进入和生物放大的可能途径。网络。然而，海洋生物污染物浓度与周围水域污染物浓度之间的平衡状态使得人们尚不清楚摄入微塑料是否实际上增加了生物体的污染物负荷。最后，微量吸收可导致成年鱼的内分泌失调，这可能通过表观遗传程序导致瘤形成。因此，微生物污染可能是海洋动物发生赘生物的事件增加的原因。海水中的微塑料量将稳步上升，