ABSTRACT: The distribution range expansion of species mediated by natural or anthropic mechanisms is one of the main causes of changes in biodiversity patterns. Anemonia alicemartinae is a cryptogenic species found along the coasts of the Southeast Pacific Ocean. This species has expanded its range by >1900 km along the Chilean coast throughout the last 50 yr. A. alicemartinae cohabits with the native anemone Phymactis papillosa in the low intertidal zone, and given the limited mobility of both species, limited space could encourage aggressive behavior between them. P. papillosa shows different color phenotypes, and, as in other anemone species, color is associated with its level of aggressiveness. Here, we evaluated the aggressive behavior of A. alicemartinae on 2 color morphotypes of P. papillosa. Also, intraspecific agonistic interactions were considered in individuals of A. alicemartinae from 2 localities. Four experiments were conducted: (1) individual vs. individual, (2) individual vs. group forming a frontal line, (3) individual vs. group surrounding the individual and (4) group vs. group. Results showed A. alicemartinae to be a weak competitor against P. papillosa. The cryptogenic species lost more contests with green P. papillosa than with the red phenotype. Few aggressive interactions between conspecifics of A. alicemartinae were found. Results suggest that the expansion success of A. alicemartinae could be explained by alternative strategies, such as escape behavior, asexual reproduction and high dispersal potential.

中文翻译：

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侵入性海葵海葵和天然海葵Phymactis papillosa之间的攻击性相互作用

摘要：由自然或人类机制介导的物种分布范围扩大是生物多样性格局变化的主要原因之一。海葵alicemartinae是在东南太平洋沿岸发现的一种隐源性物种。在过去的50年中，该物种沿智利海岸的范围扩大了超过1900公里。Alicemartinae在低潮间带与海葵Phymactis papillosa同居，并且由于这两个物种的活动性有限，有限的空间可能会鼓励它们之间的侵略行为。罂粟表现出不同的颜色表型，并且与其他海葵物种一样，颜色与其攻击程度相关。在这里，我们评估了A. alicemartinae对P. papillosa的2种颜色形态的攻击行为。同样，在来自两个地方的拟南芥中也考虑了种内激动作用。进行了四个实验：（1）个人与个人，（2）个人与组形成一条前线，（3）个人与组围绕个人，以及（4）组与组。结果表明，Alicemartinae是抗P. papillosa的弱竞争者。这些隐源性物种失去了与绿色P. papillosa的更多竞争而不是红色表型。在Alicemartinae的同种异形之间很少发现侵略性相互作用。结果表明，可以通过替代策略，例如逃避行为，无性繁殖和高分散潜力来解释拟南芥的扩展成功。