As agriculture and food security face unprecedented challenges, emerging agricultural innovations and existing practices require ongoing examination in the context of sustainability. In this review, we focus on the use of probiotic microorganisms for improved plant production. As plants are enormously diverse, emphasis is placed on the fundamental sites of plant-microbe interactions regarding benefits and challenges encountered when altering the microbiome of these locations. The soil, the external plant epidermis, and internal plant tissue are considered in discussion regarding the type of plant probiotic application. Plant probiotics range from broader soil beneficial microorganisms (such as Trichoderma spp.) through to specialised epiphytes and endophytes (such as root nodule bacteria). As each site of interaction affects plant growth differently, potential outcomes from the introduction of these exogenous microorganisms are discussed with regard to plant productivity. Finally, recommendations regarding regulation and future use of plant probiotics are points of consideration throughout this review.

随着农业和粮食安全面临前所未有的挑战，新兴的农业创新和现有做法需要在可持续性的背景下进行持续审查。在这篇综述中，我们集中于益生菌微生物用于改善植物生产的用途。由于植物种类繁多，因此重点放在植物与微生物相互作用的基本位点上，以了解在改变这些位置的微生物组时遇到的益处和挑战。在讨论植物益生菌施用类型时，考虑了土壤，植物外表皮和植物内组织。植物益生菌的作用范围广泛，包括有益于土壤的微生物（例如木霉菌）spp。）到专门的附生植物和内生植物（例如根瘤细菌）。由于相互作用的每个部位对植物生长的影响都不同，因此就植物生产力讨论了引入这些外源微生物的潜在结果。最后，关于植物益生菌的监管和未来使用的建议是整个审查的重点。