Abstract Context. Translocation is a widely used non-lethal tool to mitigate human–wildlife conflicts, particularly for carnivores. Multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors may influence translocation success, yet the influence of release-site landscape context on the success of translocations of wildlife involved in nuisance behaviour is poorly understood. Moreover, few studies of translocated wildlife involved in nuisance behaviour have provided estimates of translocation success under different scenarios. Aims. We evaluated the role of intrinsic (age, sex) and extrinsic (translocation distance, landscape composition) features on translocation success of American black bears (Ursus americanus) involved in nuisance behaviour and provide spatially explicit predictions of success under different scenarios. Methods. We analysed data from 1462 translocations of 1293 bears in Wisconsin, USA, from 1979 to 2016 and evaluated two measures of translocation success: repeated nuisance behaviour and probability of returning to a previous capture location. Key results. Translocation distances ranged from 2 to 235 km (mean = 57 km). Repeated nuisance behaviour was recorded following 13.2% of translocation events (192 of 1457) and was not significantly affected by translocation distance. Bears repeated nuisance behaviour and were recaptured at their previous captures site (i.e. returned) after 64% of translocation events (114 of 178). Return probability decreased with an increasing translocation distance, and yearling bears were less likely to return than were adults. The proportions of agriculture and forest within 75 km and 100 km respectively, of the release site had positive and negative effects on return probability. Conclusions. Mangers can use bear characteristics and landscape context to improve translocation success. For example, achieving a 10% predicted probability of return would require translocation distances of 49–60 km for yearlings in low-agriculture and high-forest landscapes. In contrast, estimated return probability for adults was ≥38% across all translocation distances (0–124 km) and almost all landscape contexts. Implications. Our results emphasise the importance of considering the effects of landscape conditions for developing spatially explicit guidelines for maximising translocation success.

中文翻译：

---

响应滋扰行为的黑熊易位表明易位距离和景观环境提高了有效性

摘要上下文。易位是一种广泛使用的非致命工具，可以缓解人类与野生动物的冲突，尤其是对于食肉动物。多种内在和外在因素可能会影响易位成功，但人们对释放地点景观环境对涉及滋扰行为的野生动物易位成功的影响知之甚少。此外，很少有对涉及滋扰行为的易地野生动物的研究提供了不同情景下易地成功的估计。目标。我们评估了内在（年龄、性别）和外在（易位距离、景观组成）特征对涉及滋扰行为的美国黑熊 (Ursus americanus) 易位成功的作用，并提供了不同场景下成功的空间明确预测。方法。我们分析了 1979 年至 2016 年美国威斯康星州 1293 只熊的 1462 次易位数据，并评估了易位成功的两个衡量标准：重复的滋扰行为和返回先前捕获地点的概率。关键结果。易位距离为 2 至 235 公里（平均值 = 57 公里）。在 13.2% 的易位事件（1457 次中的 192 次）后记录了重复的滋扰行为，并且不受易位距离的显着影响。在 64% 的易位事件（178 次中的 114 次）之后，熊会重复令人讨厌的行为，并在之前的捕获地点被重新捕获（即返回）。返回概率随着易位距离的增加而降低，一岁熊返回的可能性低于成年熊。75公里和100公里范围内的农林比例，发布地点的影响对返回概率有积极和消极的影响。结论。管理人员可以利用熊的特征和景观环境来提高易地成功率。例如，要实现 10% 的预测回归概率，需要在低农业和高森林景观中为一岁鸽进行 49-60 公里的易位距离。相比之下，在所有易位距离（0-124 公里）和几乎所有景观环境中，成年人的估计返回概率≥38%。影响。我们的结果强调了考虑景观条件对制定空间明确指南以最大限度地提高易位成功率的影响的重要性。要实现 10% 的预测回归概率，一岁鸽在低农业和高森林景观中的易位距离为 49-60 公里。相比之下，在所有易位距离（0-124 公里）和几乎所有景观环境中，成年人的估计返回概率≥38%。影响。我们的结果强调了考虑景观条件对制定空间明确指南以最大限度地提高易位成功率的影响的重要性。要实现 10% 的预测回归概率，一岁鸽在低农业和高森林景观中的易位距离为 49-60 公里。相比之下，在所有易位距离（0-124 公里）和几乎所有景观环境中，成年人的估计返回概率≥38%。影响。我们的结果强调了考虑景观条件对制定空间明确指南以最大限度地提高易位成功率的影响的重要性。