Plants pollinated by vertebrates are often visited by native and exotic insects foraging for pollen and nectar. We compared flower visitation rates, foraging behaviour, and the contribution to reproduction of nectar-feeding birds and the introduced honeybee Apis mellifera in four populations of the bird-pollinated Anigozanthos manglesii (Haemodoraceae). The behaviour of floral visitors was quantified with direct observations and motion-triggered and hand-held cameras. Pollinator access to flowers was manipulated by enclosure in netting to either exclude all visitors or to exclude vertebrate visitors only. Apis mellifera was the only insect observed visiting flowers, and the most frequent flower visitor, but primarily acted as a pollen thief. Although birds visited A. manglesii plants only once per week on average, they were 3.5 times more likely to contact the anther or stigma as foraging honeybees. Exclusion of birds resulted in 67% fewer fruits and 81% fewer seeds than flowers left open and unmanipulated. Unnetted flowers that were open to bird and insect pollinators showed pollen-limitation and a large variation in reproductive output within and between sites. Although honeybees have been shown to pollinate other Australian plants, compared to birds, they are highly inefficient pollinators of A. manglesii.

中文翻译：

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以花蜜为食的本地鸟类和引进的蜜蜂作为袋鼠爪 Anigozanthos manglesii（Haemodoraceae）传粉者的有效性

由脊椎动物授粉的植物经常被本地和外来昆虫访问，以获取花粉和花蜜。我们比较了四个鸟类授粉 Anigozanthos manglesii (Haemodoraceae) 种群的访花率、觅食行为以及对以花蜜为食的鸟类和引入的蜜蜂的繁殖的贡献。花卉访客的行为通过直接观察和运动触发的手持相机进行量化。传粉者对花朵的访问是通过围网控制的，以排除所有访问者或仅排除脊椎动物访问者。蜜蜂是观察到的唯一来访花卉的昆虫，也是最常来访的花卉，但主要充当花粉窃贼。虽然鸟类平均每周只访问 A. manglesii 植物一次，但它们是 3。蜜蜂接触花药或柱头的可能性是觅食蜜蜂的 5 倍。与开放和未处理的花朵相比，排除鸟类导致果实减少 67%，种子减少 81%。对鸟类和昆虫传粉者开放的无网花表现出花粉限制和地点内和地点之间的生殖产量差异很大。尽管蜜蜂已被证明可以为其他澳大利亚植物授粉，但与鸟类相比，它们是 A. manglesii 的低效授粉者。