The authors report the rheology and shear flow velocity profiles of pseudo-ternary “lamellar gel networks” commonly found in cosmetic emulsions such as creams, lotions, and hair conditioners, consisting of the cationic surfactant behentrimonium methosulfate, a fatty alcohol mixture of cetyl and stearyl alcohol, and water at surfactant/fatty alcohol mole fractions ranging from 0.1 to 0.6 and water mass fractions of 85%–97%. The high shear-thinning viscosity shows hysteresis in up- and down-ramps of the shear rate, with the gel “remembering” its highest shear for around 12 h before it heals and recovers its original viscosity. These materials exhibit rheological signatures characteristic of a soft glassy material (as described by the soft glassy rheology model) such as shear hysteresis, inhomogeneous velocity gradient, a solidlike creep response, power-law stress decay in step strain experiments, and high storage modulus relative to loss modulus over a wide range of frequencies, confirming its nearly elastic response for small deformations. Using particle image velocimetry (PIV) in steady shear experiments, a transition from a linear velocity profile to a pluglike profile was observed at shear rates above around 0.01 s−1. PIV also revealed macroscopic inhomogeneities including the development of fracture planes and shear bands, with rheology becoming gap-dependent and displaying some characteristics of solidlike friction.

中文翻译：

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表征层状凝胶网络的流变学、滑移和速度分布

作者报告了化妆品乳液（如面霜、乳液和护发素）中常见的伪三元“层状凝胶网络”的流变学和剪切流速分布，这些乳液由阳离子表面活性剂二甲硫基三甲基硫酸铵、鲸蜡基和硬脂基的脂肪醇混合物组成。醇和水，表面活性剂/脂肪醇摩尔分数范围为 0.1 至 0.6，水质量分数为 85%–97%。高剪切稀化粘度在剪切速率的上升和下降斜坡中显示出滞后现象，凝胶在愈合并恢复其原始粘度之前“记住”了大约 12 小时的最高剪切。这些材料表现出软玻璃态材料的流变学特征（如软玻璃态流变学模型所述），例如剪切滞后、不均匀的速度梯度、类似固体的蠕变响应、阶跃应变实验中的幂律应力衰减，以及在很宽的频率范围内相对于损耗模量的高储能模量，证实了其对小变形的近乎弹性的响应。在稳态剪切实验中使用粒子图像测速 (PIV)，在高于 0.01 s-1 左右的剪切速率下观察到从线速度剖面到塞状剖面的转变。PIV 还揭示了宏观不均匀性，包括断裂面和剪切带的发展，流变学变得依赖于间隙并显示出一些类似固体的摩擦特征。在高于 0.01 s-1 左右的剪切速率下观察到从线速度剖面到塞状剖面的转变。PIV 还揭示了宏观不均匀性，包括断裂面和剪切带的发展，流变学变得依赖于间隙并显示出一些类似固体的摩擦特征。在高于 0.01 s-1 左右的剪切速率下观察到从线速度剖面到塞状剖面的转变。PIV 还揭示了宏观不均匀性，包括断裂面和剪切带的发展，流变学变得依赖于间隙并显示出一些类似固体的摩擦特征。