Forests are complex adaptive systems in which properties at higher levels emerge from localized networks of many entities interacting at lower levels, allowing the development of multiple ecological pathways and processes. Cavity-nesters exist within networks known as “nest webs” that link trees, excavators, e.g. woodpeckers, and nonexcavators (many songbirds, ducks, raptors, and other organisms) at the community level. We use the idea of panarchy (interacting adaptive cycles at multiple spatio-temporal scales) to expand the nest web concept to levels from single tree to biome. We then assess properties of nest web systems (redundancy, heterogeneity, memory, uncertainty, and nonlinearity) using examples from our studies in temperate, subtropical, and tropical forests of the Americas. Although nest webs from Chile, Canada, Argentina, and Ecuador have independent evolutionary histories, structures, and disturbance regimes, they share the main properties of complex adaptive systems. Heterogeneity, redundancy, and memory allow nest web systems to absorb some degree of disturbance without undergoing a regime shift; that is, without changing their basic structures and functions, i.e., the system’s identity. Understanding nest webs as complex adaptive systems will inform management practices to nurture the resilience of forest biodiversity in the face of local, regional, and global social-ecological changes.

中文翻译：

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培育有弹性的森林生物多样性：作为复杂适应系统的巢网

森林是复杂的适应系统，其中较高层次的特性来自许多实体在较低层次相互作用的局部网络，允许多种生态途径和过程的发展。洞穴筑巢者存在于被称为“巢网”的网络中，该网络在社区层面将树木、挖掘机（例如啄木鸟）和非挖掘机（许多鸣禽、鸭子、猛禽和其他生物）连接起来。我们使用 panarchy 的想法（在多个时空尺度上交互适应性循环）将巢网概念扩展到从单棵树到生物群落的级别。然后，我们使用我们在美洲温带、亚热带和热带森林中的研究示例来评估巢网系统的特性（冗余、异质性、记忆性、不确定性和非线性）。虽然来自智利、加拿大、阿根廷的巢网，和厄瓜多尔具有独立的进化历史、结构和干扰机制，它们具有复杂适应系统的主要特性。异构性、冗余性和内存允许嵌套网络系统吸收一定程度的干扰，而不会发生政权更替；也就是说，不改变它们的基本结构和功能，即系统的身份。将巢网理解为复杂的适应系统将为管理实践提供信息，以在面对当地、区域和全球社会生态变化时培养森林生物多样性的复原力。不改变它们的基本结构和功能，即系统的身份。将巢网理解为复杂的适应系统将为管理实践提供信息，以在面对当地、区域和全球社会生态变化时培养森林生物多样性的复原力。不改变它们的基本结构和功能，即系统的身份。将巢网理解为复杂的适应系统将为管理实践提供信息，以在面对当地、区域和全球社会生态变化时培养森林生物多样性的复原力。