Global gold deposit classes are enigmatic in relation to first-order tectonic scale, leading to controversial genetic models and exploration strategies. Traditionally, hydrothermal gold deposits that formed through transport and deposition from auriferous ore fluids are grouped into specific deposit types such as porphyry, skarn, high- and low-sulfidation–type epithermal, gold-rich volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS), Carlin-type, orogenic, and iron-oxide copper-gold (IOCG), and intrusion-related gold deposits (IRGDs). District-scale mineral system approaches propose interrelated groups such as porphyry Cu-Au, skarn Cu-Au-Ag, and high-sulfidation Au-Ag. In this study, the temporal evolution of subduction-related processes in convergent margins was evaluated to propose a continuum of genetic models that unify the various types of gold deposits. At the tectonic scale of mineral systems, all hydrothermal gold deposits are interrelated in that they formed progressively during the evolution of direct or indirect subduction-related processes along convergent margins. Porphyry-related systems formed initially from magmatic-hydrothermal fluids related to melting of fertile mantle to initiate calc-alkaline to high-K felsic magmatism in volcanic arcs directly related to subduction. Formation of gold-rich VMS systems was related to hydrothermal circulation driven by magmatic activity during rifting of oceanic arcs. Orogenic gold deposits formed largely through fluids derived from devolatilization of the downgoing slab and overlying sediment wedge during late transpression in the orogenic cycle. Carlin-type deposits, IRGDs, and some continental-arc porphyry systems formed during the early stages of orogenic collapse via fluids directly or indirectly related to hybrid magmatism from melting of lithosphere that was metasomatized and gold-fertilized by earlier fluid release from subduction zones near margins of continental blocks. The IOCGs were formed during postorogenic asthenosphere upwelling beneath such subduction-related metasomatized and fertilized lithospheric blocks via fluid release and explosive emplacement of volatile-rich melts. Thus, importantly, subduction is clearly recognized as the key unifying dynamic factor in gold metallogenesis, with subduction-related fluids or melts providing the critical ore components for a wide variety of gold-rich deposit types.

中文翻译：

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俯冲，地幔交代作用和金：动态和遗传的结合

与一阶构造尺度有关的全球金矿床类型是神秘的，导致有争议的遗传模型和勘探策略。传统上，通过含金矿石流体的运输和沉积形成的热液金矿床分为特定的矿床类型，例如斑岩，矽卡岩，高和低硫化型超热，富金的火山成块大块硫化物（VMS），卡林型，造山带和氧化铁铜金（IOCG）以及与入侵有关的金矿床（IRGD）。区域规模的矿物系统方法提出了相互关联的族群，例如斑岩型铜金，矽卡岩型铜金银和高硫化金银。在这项研究中，对俯冲相关过程在收敛边缘的时间演化进行了评估，以提出统一各种类型金矿的遗传模型的连续体。在矿产系统的构造规模上，所有热液金矿床都是相互关联的，因为它们是在直接或间接俯冲相关过程沿会聚边缘的演化过程中逐渐形成的。最初由岩浆热液形成的与斑岩有关的系统，其与肥沃地幔的熔融有关，从而在直接与俯冲有关的火山弧中将钙碱性转变为高K长岩质岩浆作用。富金VMS系统的形成与海洋弧裂谷期间岩浆活动驱动的热液循环有关。造山带金矿床的形成主要是由于在造山周期的后期反压过程中，下沉平板的脱挥发分和上覆的泥沙楔所致。卡林型沉积物，IRGD，在造山运动崩溃的早期阶段，通过直接或间接与岩石圈融化融化的混合岩浆作用有关的流体形成了一些大陆弧斑岩系统，岩石化融作用是由大陆块边缘附近的俯冲带中较早的流体释放而被交代和金化的。IOCG的形成是在造山后软流圈上升期间，通过流体释放和富挥发性熔体的爆炸性沉积，在此类俯冲相关的交化和受精岩石圈块之下。因此，重要的是，俯冲作用已被公认是金成矿作用的关键统一动力因素，与俯冲作用有关的流体或熔体为各种富含金的矿床类型提供了关键的矿石成分。