Although several studies provide a broad overview of vegetation changes in the Carpathian Basin during the Holocene, stand-scale vegetation changes are lesser known because of the rarity of suitable sampling sites. In this study we investigated the sediment of a small closed-canopy site (Nagy-forrás forest hollow, 685 m a.s.l., 0.1 ha), located in the Mátra Mountains, on the north facing slope of Kékes (1014 m a.s.l.). We carried out detailed pollen, conifer stomata and plant macrofossil analyses, as well as radiocarbon dating to examine Late Glacial and Holocene dynamics of vegetation development. The site dates back to ca. 15,500 cal yr BP, when open boreal forests and wet tundra-like habitats occurred around the hollow. Closed forest cover developed around 14,600 cal yr BP, when a boreal European larch-Swiss stone pine ( Larix decidua-Pinus cembra ) forest surrounded the hollow. This vegetation type remained stable up to 7700 cal yr BP. We observed a hiatus between 7700 and 2710 cal yr BP, followed by a beech ( Fagus sylvatica ) dominated mixed temperate deciduous forest. Our results confirmed that the area was covered by a primary forest, as human influence was visible only from 175 cal yr BP. The relatively long lasting persistence of Pinus cembra in the Holocene at relatively low altitude was documented, which has never been found in Holocene sediments in the Pre-Carpathians before. We hypothesize that the north facing slope acted as a cold-stage refugium in the Early Holocene and could play the same role for the present-day beech forest that is threatened by recent climate change.

中文翻译：

---

暴露问题：森林动态揭示了中欧朝北斜坡上的早期全新世针叶树避难所

尽管有几项研究提供了全新世喀尔巴阡盆地植被变化的广泛概述，但由于合适的采样地点很少，因此对林分植被变化的了解较少。在这项研究中，我们调查了位于 Mátra 山脉、Kékes 北坡 (1014 m asl) 的一个小型封闭树冠遗址（Nagy-forrás 森林空心，685 米，0.1 公顷）的沉积物。我们进行了详细的花粉、针叶树气孔和植物大型化石分析，以及放射性碳测年，以检查晚冰期和全新世植被发育的动态。该网站可以追溯到大约。15,500 cal yr BP，当时空地周围出现了开阔的北方森林和类似苔原的潮湿栖息地。封闭的森林覆盖在 14,600 cal yr BP 左右发展，当一棵北方欧洲落叶松-瑞士石松 (Larix decidua-Pinus cembra) 森林环绕着空心。这种植被类型在 7700 cal yr BP 之前保持稳定。我们观察到 7700 到 2710 cal yr BP 之间的中断，随后是山毛榉（ Fagus sylvatica ）主导的混合温带落叶林。我们的结果证实该地区被原始森林覆盖，因为人类影响仅从 175 cal BP 可见。记录了在海拔相对较低的全新世松树相对持久的持久性，这在前喀尔巴阡山脉的全新世沉积物中从未发现过。我们假设朝北的斜坡在全新世早期充当了寒冷阶段的避难所，并且可以对受近期气候变化威胁的当今山毛榉森林发挥同样的作用。