Tetrastichus giffardianus is a gregarious koinobiont endoparasitoid of tephritids, including Ceratitis capitata, which is one of the most important fruit pests worldwide. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of constant temperatures on the biology and development of the egg-adult period of T. giffardianus in larvae/pupae of C. capitata to construct a fertility life table. The study was carried out in climatic chambers at constant temperatures of 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 ± 1°C, 70 ± 10% relative humidity and a photophase of 12 h. Complete egg and larval development occurred only at temperatures of 20, 25, and 30°C. The mean longevity of males and females was inversely proportional to temperature. The time of development of the pre-imaginal period was influenced by temperature and ranged from 41 days at 20°C to 11 days at 25°C. The best T. giffardianus performance occurred at 25°C when the intrinsic rate of increase was 0.21, the mean generation time was 20.43 days, the time required to double the population was 3.33 days, and the finite rate of population increase (λ) was 1.23. The results of this study provided information for the establishment of mass rearing and an evaluation of the adaptability of T. giffardianus to different environments, which is necessary for the use of this parasitoid in the biological control of tephritid pests, particularly C. capitata.

中文翻译：

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Tetraastichus giffardianus (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) 在 Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) 幼虫的生育寿命表和生物学

蝼蛄是一种群居的 koinobiont 内寄生蜂，包括头孢菌素，是世界范围内最重要的水果害虫之一。本研究的目的是评估恒温对卵-成虫期生物学和发育的影响。T. giffardianus在幼虫/蛹中C.capita构建生育寿命表。该研究在气候室中进行，恒温条件为 15、20、25、30 和 35 ± 1°C，相对湿度为 70 ± 10%，光相为 12 小时。完整的卵和幼虫发育仅在 20、25 和 30°C 的温度下发生。男性和女性的平均寿命与温度成反比。前成虫期的发育时间受温度影响，从 20°C 的 41 天到 25°C 的 11 天不等。最好的T. giffardianus性能发生在 25°C 时，内在增长率为 0.21，平均世代时间为 20.43 天，种群翻倍所需时间为 3.33 天，种群增长率有限（λ) 为 1.23。这项研究的结果为建立大规模饲养和评估其适应性提供了信息。T. giffardianus适应不同的环境，这对于使用这种寄生蜂生物防治节肢害虫是必要的，特别是C.capita.