COVID-19 is causing a major once-in-a-century global pandemic. The scientific and clinical community is in a race to define and develop effective preventions and treatments. The major features of disease are described but clinical trials have been hampered by competing interests, small scale, lack of defined patient cohorts and defined readouts. What is needed now is head-to-head comparison of existing drugs, testing of safety including in the background of predisposing chronic diseases, and the development of new and targeted preventions and treatments. This is most efficiently achieved using representative animal models of primary infection including in the background of chronic disease with validation of findings in primary human cells and tissues. We explore and discuss the diverse animal, cell and tissue models that are being used and developed and collectively recapitulate many critical aspects of disease manifestation in humans to develop and test new preventions and treatments.

COVID-19 正在引发一场百年一遇的全球大流行。科学和临床界正在竞相定义和开发有效的预防和治疗方法。描述了疾病的主要特征，但临床试验因利益冲突、规模小、缺乏明确的患者群体和明确的读数而受到阻碍。现在需要的是对现有药物进行直接比较，测试安全性（包括在诱发慢性疾病的背景下），以及开发新的有针对性的预防和治疗方法。使用原发性感染的代表性动物模型（包括在慢性疾病的背景下）并验证原发性人类细胞和组织的发现，可以最有效地实现这一目标。我们探索和讨论正在使用和开发的各种动物、细胞和组织模型，并共同概括人类疾病表现的许多关键方面，以开发和测试新的预防和治疗方法。