The ubiquitous accumulation of microplastic (MP) particles across all global ecosystems accompanies their uptake into soil food webs. In this review, we analyzed studies on passive translocation, active ingestion, bioaccumulation and adverse effects within the phylogenetic tree of multicellular soil faunal life. The representativity of these studies for natural soil ecosystems was assessed using data on the type of plastic, the shape, the composition, the concentration and the time of exposure. Available studies cover a wide range of soil organisms, with emphasis on earthworms, nematodes, springtails, beetles and lugworms, each focused on well-known model organisms. Thus, about 58 % of the studies used inappropriate concentrations or units, whereas 42 % applied MP concentrations similar to amounts in slightly to very heavily polluted soils. In many cases, however, polystyrene microspheres were used, which represent a combination of plastic type and shape that is easily available but does not reflect the main plastic input into soil ecosystems. In turn, MP fibers are strongly underrepresented compared with their high abundance within contaminated soils. A few studies also examined the comminution of macroplastic by the soil fauna. Further properties of plastic such as aging, coating and additives have been insufficiently documented. Despite these limitations, there is a recurring pattern of active intake followed by a population shift within the gut microbiome and adverse effects on motility, growth, metabolism, reproduction and mortality in various combinations, especially at high concentrations and small particle sizes. For the improvement of future studies, we identified the problems with past experiments, and we recommend that coming studies consider the type, shape, grade of aging, specific concentrations of MP fractions and long-term incubation in both natural and contaminated soils.

中文翻译：

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我们对陆生多细胞土壤动物群对微塑性的反应了解多少？

微粉（MP）颗粒在所有全球生态系统中的普遍积累伴随着它们被吸收到土壤食物网中。在这篇综述中，我们分析了多细胞土壤动物生活的系统树中的被动转运，主动摄入，生物蓄积和不利影响的研究。这些研究对天然土壤生态系统的代表性是使用有关塑料类型，形状，组成，浓度和暴露时间的数据进行评估的。现有的研究涵盖了广泛的土壤生物，重点是earth，线虫，跳虫，甲虫和lu虫，每个都着重于著名的模型生物。因此，大约58％的研究使用了不适当的浓度或单位，而42％的应用了MP浓度，类似于在严重污染极重的土壤中的含量。但是，在许多情况下，使用的聚苯乙烯微球代表了塑料类型和形状的组合，很容易获得，但不能反映出土壤生态系统中主要的塑料投入。反过来，与其在污染土壤中的丰富度相比，MP纤维的代表性却大大不足。一些研究还检查了土壤动物对大塑性的粉碎。塑料的其他特性（例如老化，涂层和添加剂）尚未得到充分记录。尽管有这些限制，但肠道微生物组中会出现反复的主动摄入模式，随后种群迁移，并以各种组合形式对运动，生长，代谢，繁殖和死亡率产生不利影响，尤其是在高浓度和小粒径条件下。为了改善未来的研究，