Since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; end ca. 19 000 cal BP) central European plant communities have been shaped by changing climatic and anthropogenic disturbances. Understanding long-term ecosystem reorganizations in response to past environmental changes is crucial to draw conclusions about the impact of future climate change. So far, it has been difficult to address the post-deglaciation timing and ecosystem dynamics due to a lack of well-dated and continuous sediment sequences covering the entire period after the LGM. Here, we present a new paleoecological study with exceptional chronological time control using pollen, spores and microscopic charcoal from Moossee (Swiss Plateau, 521 m a.s.l.) to reconstruct the vegetation and fire history over the last ca. 19 000 years. After lake formation in response to deglaciation, five major pollen-inferred ecosystem rearrangements occurred at ca. 18 800 cal BP (establishment of steppe tundra), 16 000 cal BP (spread of shrub tundra), 14 600 cal BP (expansion of boreal forests), 11 600 cal BP (establishment of the first temperate deciduous tree stands composed of, e.g., Quercus, Ulmus, Alnus) and 8200 cal BP (first occurrence of mesophilous Fagus sylvatica trees). These vegetation shifts were caused by climate changes at ca. 19 000, 16 000, 14 700, 11 700 and 8200 cal BP. Vegetation responses occurred with no apparent time lag to climate change when the mutual chronological uncertainties are considered. This finding is in agreement with further evidence from southern and central Europe and might be explained by the proximity to the refugia of boreal and temperate trees (<400 km) and rapid species spreads. Our palynological record sets the beginning of millennial-scale land use with periodically increased fire and agricultural activities of the Neolithic period at ca. 7000 cal BP. Subsequently, humans rather than climate triggered changes in vegetation composition and structure. We conclude that Fagus sylvatica forests were resilient to long-term anthropogenic and climatic impacts of the Mid and the Late Holocene. However, future climate warming and in particular declining moisture availability may cause unprecedented reorganizations of central European beech-dominated forest ecosystems.

中文翻译：

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自莫斯湖（瑞士）上一次冰消期以来的气候对植被和火灾动态的影响

自从最后一次冰河最大期（LGM;结束于19â€？000？cal ???? BP）以来，中欧的植物群落受到气候和人为因素变化的影响。了解对过去的环境变化做出响应的长期生态系统重组对于得出有关未来气候变化影响的结论至关重要。迄今为止，由于缺乏LGM后整个时期的良好且连续的沉积序列，因此难以解决冰消后时间和生态系统动态。在这里，我们提出了一项新的古生态学研究，该研究采用了特殊的时间控制，使用了花粉，孢子和来自Moossee（瑞士高原，521-？m？asl）的细微木炭，以重建最后一个ca的植被和火灾历史。 19â€？000年。在因冰消而形成湖泊之后，Quercus，Ulmus，Alnus）和8200cal（BP）（中温的Fagus sylvatica树首次出现）。这些植被的变化是由气候变化引起的，大约在19°C，000°C，16°C，000°C，14°C，700°C，11°C，700°C和8200°C。 BP。当考虑到时间上的相互不确定性时，植被的响应就没有明显的时间滞后于气候变化。这一发现与来自南欧和中欧的进一步证据相符，并且可以用寒带和温带树木的避难所（<400？km）和快速的物种传播。我们的孢粉记录记录了新石器时代约7000 cal BP的新石器时代周期性增加的火灾和农业活动，开始了千禧年规模的土地利用。随后，人类而不是气候引发了植被组成和结构的变化。我们得出的结论是，中新世和晚期新人类对森林的长期影响是有恢复力的。然而，未来的气候变暖，尤其是水分供应的减少可能会导致中欧山毛榉为主的森林生态系统的空前重组。