ABSTRACT The present study investigated the role of executive functions in the development of two aspects of timing: temporal reproduction and comparison. Children aged 7 and 10 years and young adults were asked to either reproduce target durations (i.e., reproduction task) or judge the similarity of two target durations (i.e., comparison task). These temporal tasks were performed in isolation (single-task condition) or in conjunction (dual-task condition) with an executive task tapping inhibitory control (i.e., Stroop-like interference in animals size task). The results showed that the concurrent executive task degraded temporal performance to a greater extent at the age of 7 years than in older children and adults, and that it had much less influence on temporal comparison than on temporal reproduction. Conversely, regardless of age group, the concurrent timing of stimuli decreased response accuracy in the inhibitory control task in both temporal tasks, but to a greater extent in the comparison than the reproduction task. Furthermore, the dual-task condition reduced response time in the executive task, but only in children aged 7 years -and not in older children and adults. Thus, both duration reproduction and comparison relate to executive functions, although the relation is stronger for reproduction. Importantly, timing progress during childhood stems at least partly from more efficient executive functions (more specifically inhibitory control).

中文翻译：

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执行控制对儿童和成人时间比较和繁殖的不同贡献

摘要 本研究调查了执行功能在时间的两个方面的发展中的作用：时间再现和比较。7 岁和 10 岁的儿童和年轻人被要求要么再现目标持续时间（即再现任务），要么判断两个目标持续时间的相似性（即比较任务）。这些时间任务是单独执行的（单任务条件）或结合（双任务条件）与执行任务轻敲抑制控制（即，对动物大小任务的 Stroop 样干扰）。结果表明，与年龄较大的儿童和成人相比，同时执行任务在 7 岁时对时间表现的影响更大，并且它对时间比较的影响远小于对时间再现的影响。相反，无论哪个年龄段，刺激的并发时间降低了两个时间任务中抑制控制任务的响应准确度，但在比较中比复制任务降低了更大的程度。此外，双重任务条件减少了执行任务的反应时间，但仅适用于 7 岁的儿童，而不适用于年龄较大的儿童和成人。因此，持续时间再现和比较都与执行功能有关，尽管再现的关系更强。重要的是，童年时期的时间进度至少部分源于更有效的执行功能（更具体地说是抑制控制）。双任务条件减少了执行任务的反应时间，但仅适用于 7 岁的儿童，而不适用于年龄较大的儿童和成人。因此，持续时间再现和比较都与执行功能有关，尽管再现的关系更强。重要的是，童年时期的时间进度至少部分源于更有效的执行功能（更具体地说是抑制控制）。双任务条件减少了执行任务的反应时间，但仅适用于 7 岁的儿童，而不适用于年龄较大的儿童和成人。因此，持续时间再现和比较都与执行功能有关，尽管再现的关系更强。重要的是，童年时期的时间进度至少部分源于更有效的执行功能（更具体地说是抑制控制）。