ABSTRACT

Introduction

Small extracellular vesicles (sEV) produced by tumors and called TEX mediate communication and regulate the tumor microenvironment. As a ‘liquid tumor biopsy’ and with the ability to induce pro-tumor reprogramming, TEX offer a promising approach to monitoring cancer progression or response to therapy.

Areas covered

TEX isolation from body fluids and separation by immunoaffinity capture from other EVs enables TEX molecular and functional characterization in vitro and in vivo. TEX carry membrane-bound PD-L1 and a rich cargo of other proteins and nucleic acids that reflect the tumor content and activity. TEX transfer this cargo to recipient cells, activating various molecular pathways and inducing pro-tumor transcriptional changes. TEX may interfere with immune therapies, and TEX plasma levels correlate with patients’ responses to therapy. TEX induce local and systemic alterations in immune cells which may have a prognostic value.

Expert opinion

TEX have a special advantage as potential cancer biomarkers. Their cargo emerges as a correlate of developing or progressing malignant disease; their phenotype mimics that of the tumor; and their functional reprogramming of immune cells provides a reading of the patients’ immune status prior and post immunotherapy. Validation of TEX and T-cell-derived sEV as cancer biomarkers is an impending future task.

中文翻译：

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肿瘤来源的外泌体在癌症诊断、预后和治疗反应中的潜在作用

摘要

介绍

由肿瘤产生并称为 TEX 的小细胞外囊泡 (sEV) 介导通讯并调节肿瘤微环境。作为“液体肿瘤活检”并具有诱导促肿瘤重编程的能力，TEX 提供了一种很有前途的方法来监测癌症进展或对治疗的反应。

涵盖的领域

TEX 从体液中分离并通过免疫亲和捕获从其他 EV 中分离，使 TEX 分子和功能表征能够在体外和体内进行。TEX 携带膜结合的 PD-L1 和丰富的其他蛋白质和核酸，这些蛋白质和核酸反映了肿瘤的含量和活性。TEX 将这种货物转移到受体细胞，激活各种分子途径并诱导促肿瘤转录变化。TEX 可能会干扰免疫治疗，并且 TEX 血浆水平与患者对治疗的反应相关。TEX 诱导免疫细胞的局部和全身性改变，这可能具有预后价值。

专家意见

TEX 作为潜在的癌症生物标志物具有特殊优势。他们的货物与恶性疾病的发展或进展有关；它们的表型与肿瘤相似；他们对免疫细胞的功能重编程提供了对患者免疫治疗前后免疫状态的读数。验证 TEX 和 T 细胞衍生的 sEV 作为癌症生物标志物是一项迫在眉睫的未来任务。