Gold nanorods are anisotropic and exhibit different optical characteristics in both transverse and longitudinal directions, so the plasmon resonance in the near‐infrared region will reflect two absorption peaks. Because of strong enhancements of electromagnetic fields of gold nanorods, gold nanorods are widely used in medical treatment, biological detection, sensors, solar cells and other fields. Since rapid developments of gold nanorods, it is necessary to sort out the recent achievements. In this review, we select three classifications of single nanorods/nanowires, dimers and assembled nanorods to introduce their syntheses methods, optical properties and applications respectively. We firstly overview the history of nanorods/nanowires syntheses and summarize the improvement of the commonly utilized seed‐mediated growth synthesis method; and then, physically, nano‐plasmonic and optical properties of single and assembled nanorod/nanowires are concluded in detail. Lastly, we mainly summarize the recent advances in applications and provide perspective in different fields.

中文翻译：

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纳米等离子体纳米棒/纳米线从单一到组装：合成，物理机制和应用

金纳米棒是各向异性的，并且在横向和纵向上都表现出不同的光学特性，因此在近红外区域的等离激元共振将反射两个吸收峰。由于金纳米棒的电磁场的强烈增强，所以金纳米棒被广泛用于医疗，生物检测，传感器，太阳能电池等领域。由于金纳米棒的快速发展，有必要整理一下最近的成就。在这篇综述中，我们选择了单个纳米棒/纳米线，二聚体和组装好的纳米棒的三种分类，分别介绍了它们的合成方法，光学性质和应用。我们首先概述了纳米棒/纳米线合成的历史，并总结了常用的种子介导的生长合成方法的改进。然后，从物理上讲，详细总结了单个和组装的纳米棒/纳米线的纳米等离子体和光学特性。最后，我们主要总结应用程序的最新进展，并提供不同领域的观点。