Given that few drifter experiments combined with a wave‐current coupled model system had been conducted in the complex nearshore area, this work was motivated to reveal the nearshore dynamics by applying an observation‐modeling system to Lake Michigan. Analysis of 11 surface drifters, wind, and current observations along the lake's eastern coast indicates that their trajectories are synergistically controlled by winds and initial releasing sites. Additionally, strong winds significantly impact nearshore dynamics, and the highly sensitive nearshore and offshore drifters are stranded in distinct regions. Simulations indicate that the model reproduces drifter trajectories and endpoints reasonably and that particle fates are mainly dominated by winds, while effects from heat flux and waves are also important. Further analysis of wave effects on particle dynamics indicates that both the wave‐induced sea surface roughness and Stokes drift advection are crucial to the simulated particle trajectories during wind events. Finally, virtual experiments confirm that particle dynamics are evidently susceptible to winds and initial locations. Overall, both the inclusion of physics effects (e.g., adding winds, heat fluxes, and waves) and diminishing the model uncertainties (e.g., from various wind data sources, wind drag coefficient formulations, model grids, and vertical turbulent mixing parameterizations) are important methods to improve the particle simulations. The successful application of this nearshore observation‐modeling system to Lake Michigan can be beneficial to the understanding of nearshore‐offshore transports and larval and fisheries recruitment success in similar freshwater and estuarine environments.

中文翻译：

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观测建模系统揭示了密歇根湖近岸的粒子动力学

鉴于在复杂的近岸地区很少进行与波流耦合模型系统相结合的漂流实验，因此这项工作的动机是通过将观测模型系统应用于密歇根湖来揭示近岸动力学。对湖东海岸的11个地表漂泊者，风和当前观测资料的分析表明，它们的轨迹受风和初始释放地点的协同控制。此外，强风还严重影响了近岸动力，高度敏感的近岸和近海漂流者被困在不同的地区。仿真表明，该模型合理地再现了漂移器的轨迹和终点，并且颗粒命运主要由风控制，而热通量和波浪的影响也很重要。波浪对粒子动力学的影响的进一步分析表明，波浪引起的海面粗糙度和斯托克斯漂移平流对风事件中模拟的粒子轨迹都至关重要。最后，虚拟实验证实，粒子动力学显然易受风和初始位置的影响。总体而言，包括物理效应（例如，增加风，热通量和波浪）和减少模型不确定性（例如，来自各种风数据源，风阻系数公式，模型网格和垂直湍流混合参数化）都是重要的改进粒子模拟的方法。