Cells are continuously subject to various stresses, battling both exogenous insults as well as toxic by-products of normal cellular metabolism and nutrient deprivation. Throughout the millennia, cells developed a core set of general stress responses that promote survival and reproduction under adverse circumstances. Past and current research efforts have been devoted to understanding how cells sense stressors and how that input is deciphered and transduced, resulting in stimulation of stress management pathways. A prime element of cellular stress responses is the increased transcription and translation of proteins specialized in managing and mitigating distinct types of stress. In this review, we focus on recent developments in our understanding of cellular sensing of proteotoxic stressors that impact protein synthesis, folding, and maturation provided by the model eukaryote the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, with reference to similarities and differences with other model organisms and humans.

细胞不断受到各种压力，与外源性损伤以及正常细胞代谢和营养缺乏的有毒副产品作斗争。几千年来，细胞发展出一套核心的一般应激反应，促进不利环境下的生存和繁殖。过去和现在的研究工作一直致力于了解细胞如何感知压力以及如何破译和转导该输入，从而刺激压力管理途径。细胞应激反应的一个主要因素是专门用于管理和减轻不同类型应激的蛋白质的转录和翻译增加。在这篇综述中，我们重点关注我们对影响蛋白质合成、折叠、Saccharomyces cerevisiae，参考与其他模式生物和人类的异同。