Abstract The positive effect of grain legume pre-crops on the yield of the subsequent crop has been studied widely, whereas less information is available on the nitrogen (N) processes related to this positive effect, especially for a wide range of grain legume species. The objective was to quantify and understand the effect of grain legume compared to cereal pre-crops (sown in 2014 and 2016) on grain and shoot N yields and shoot N concentration of wheat (Triticum aestivum) grown the following year (2015 and 2017). Spring legumes (faba bean (Vicia faba), fenugreek (Trigolia foenum-graecum), common vetch (Vicia sativa), lentil (Lens culinaris), lupin (Lupinus albus), and pea (Pisium sativum)) were compared to barley (Hordeum vulgare). Summer legumes (chickpea (Cicer arietinum), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), soybean (Glycine max) and Narbonne vetch (Vicia narbonensis)) were compared to sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). Inorganic N remaining in the soil at pre-crop harvest (N sparing) was measured. The STICS model which accurately predicted soil humidity and soil inorganic N in the pedoclimatic conditions of the field experiments was used to calculate N mineralisation from pre-crop residues and N leaching between pre-crop harvest and wheat harvest. Grain and shoot N yields of unfertilised N wheat were respectively 27 and 25 % higher after faba bean and lentil compared to barley pre-crops, and 66 and 51 % higher after summer legumes compared to sorghum pre-crop. In the second experiment, N fertilisation reduced the positive effect of fenugreek, and lentil on wheat yield compared to barley while it did not modify the pre-crop effect of the other legumes. A positive relationship between N mineralisation from pre-crop residues and wheat shoot N yield was established, with higher amounts of N available for the subsequent wheat after legume pre-crops. In 2014, N sparing was higher after spring pre-crops compared to summer pre-crops inducing higher N leaching after spring legume pre-crops, especially in the first experiment which was characterised by heavy rain in summer and autumn. Estimating N availability by taking into account N sparing, N mineralisation from soil and pre-crop residues and N leaching explained 49 % of wheat shoot N yield variability. Unquantified N processes and non-N processes might also have contributed to the positive effects of legumes on the subsequent wheat.

中文翻译：

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通过田间测量和建模评估 10 种豆类作物对小麦的氮效益

摘要 谷物豆类作物前期对后续作物产量的积极影响已得到广泛研究，但关于与这种积极影响相关的氮 (N) 过程的信息较少，尤其是对于多种谷物豆类物种。目的是量化和了解谷物豆类与谷物预收作物（2014 年和 2016 年播种）相比，对次年（2015 年和 2017 年）种植的小麦（普通小麦）的谷物和枝条 N 产量以及枝条 N 浓度的影响. 将春季豆类（蚕豆（Vicia faba）、胡芦巴（Trigolia foenum-graecum）、野豌豆（Vicia sativa）、扁豆（Lens culinaris）、羽扇豆（Lupinus albus）和豌豆（Pisium sativum））与大麦（Hordeum）进行比较粗俗）。夏季豆类（鹰嘴豆 (Cicer arietinum)、普通豆 (Phaseolus vulgaris)、大豆 (Glycine max) 和 Narbonne Vetch (Vicia narbonensis)) 与高粱 (Sorghum bicolor) 进行了比较。测量了作物收获前土壤中残留的无机氮（氮保留）。STICS 模型可以准确预测田间试验的土壤气候条件下的土壤湿度和土壤无机氮，用于计算作物前收获和小麦收获之间作物前残留物的 N 矿化和 N 浸出。与大麦种植前相比，未施肥 N 小麦的谷物和芽 N 产量分别比大麦种植前高 27% 和 25%，与高粱种植前相比，夏季豆类种植后分别高 66% 和 51%。在第二个实验中，与大麦相比，施氮减少了胡芦巴和小扁豆对小麦产量的积极影响，而没有改变其他豆类的预收效果。作物前残留物的氮矿化与小麦芽氮产量之间建立了正相关关系，豆科作物前作物后的后续小麦可利用的氮量更高。2014 年，春季豆科作物预作物后的 N 节约量高于夏季预作物，导致春季豆科作物预作物后的 N 浸出量更高，尤其是在以夏秋季大雨为特征的第一个试验中。通过考虑 N 保留、来自土壤和前作物残留物的 N 矿化和 N 浸出来估计 N 可用性解释了 49% 的小麦芽 N 产量变异性。未量化的氮过程和非氮过程也可能有助于豆类对后续小麦的积极影响。豆类作物预收后的后续小麦可获得更多的氮。2014 年，春季豆科作物预作物后的 N 节约量高于夏季预作物，导致春季豆科作物预作物后的 N 浸出量更高，尤其是在以夏秋季大雨为特征的第一个试验中。通过考虑 N 保留、来自土壤和前作物残留物的 N 矿化和 N 浸出来估计 N 可用性解释了 49% 的小麦芽 N 产量变异性。未量化的氮过程和非氮过程也可能有助于豆类对后续小麦的积极影响。豆类作物预收后的后续小麦可获得更多的氮。2014 年，春季豆科作物预作物后的 N 节约量高于夏季预作物，导致春季豆科作物预作物后的 N 浸出量更高，尤其是在以夏秋季大雨为特征的第一个试验中。通过考虑 N 保留、来自土壤和前作物残留物的 N 矿化和 N 浸出来估计 N 可用性解释了 49% 的小麦芽 N 产量变异性。未量化的氮过程和非氮过程也可能有助于豆类对后续小麦的积极影响。尤其是在第一次以夏秋季大雨为特点的实验中。通过考虑 N 保留、来自土壤和前作物残留物的 N 矿化和 N 浸出来估计 N 可用性解释了 49% 的小麦芽 N 产量变异性。未量化的氮过程和非氮过程也可能有助于豆类对后续小麦的积极影响。尤其是在第一次以夏秋季大雨为特点的实验中。通过考虑 N 保留、来自土壤和前作物残留物的 N 矿化和 N 浸出来估计 N 可用性解释了 49% 的小麦芽 N 产量变异性。未量化的氮过程和非氮过程也可能有助于豆类对后续小麦的积极影响。