Abstract In the literature, extensive researches have been done regarding the remanufacturing in closed-loop supply chains (CLSCs) and energy-saving efforts in the forward logistics. However, despite the importance of energy-saving effort in the remanufacturing process, its relevancy in the context of CLSCs has not been investigated. This study extends the previous literature on CLSCs with remanufacturing into the CLSCs with simultaneous effects of remanufacturing and energy-saving efforts on environmental sustainability. This study investigates a CLSC including one (re-)manufacturer investing in remanufacturing and energy-saving efforts, two retailers competing on selling items, and two collectors competing on collecting used items. Utilizing channel coordination and game theory approaches, we analyze how competitive sales prices and collection rates are influenced by the remanufacturing and energy-saving efforts. This study sheds new light on the CLSC management and provides theoretical and practical insights into the way managers of CLSC utilize to promote both environmental and economic sustainability. Our findings illuminate the importance of remanufacturing and energy-saving efforts in the collection process.

中文翻译：

---

基于节能努力和成本关税契约的闭环供应链竞争渠道协调

摘要 在文献中，对闭环供应链（CLSCs）中的再制造和正向物流中的节能工作进行了广泛的研究。然而，尽管节能工作在再制造过程中很重要，但其在 CLSC 背景下的相关性尚未得到研究。本研究将先前关于具有再制造的 CLSC 的文献扩展到具有再制造和节能努力对环境可持续性的同时影响的 CLSC。本研究调查了一个 CLSC，其中包括一个（再）制造商投资于再制造和节能工作，两家零售商竞争销售物品，以及两个收藏家竞争收集二手物品。利用渠道协调和博弈论方法，我们分析了再制造和节能工作如何影响有竞争力的销售价格和回收率。本研究为 CLSC 管理提供了新的视角，并为 CLSC 管理者利用促进环境和经济可持续性的方式提供了理论和实践见解。我们的发现阐明了回收过程中再制造和节能工作的重要性。