Cancer elimination in humans can be achieved with immunotherapy that relies on T lymphocyte-mediated recognition of tumor antigens. Several types of these antigens have been recognized based on their cellular origins and expression patterns, while their detection has been greatly facilitated by recent achievements in next-generation sequencing and immunopeptidomics. Some of them have been targeted in clinical trials with various immunotherapy approaches, while many others remain untested. Here, we discuss molecular identification of different tumor antigen types, and the clinical safety and efficacy of targeting them with immunotherapy. Additionally, we suggest strategies to increase the efficacy and availability of antigen-directed immunotherapies for treatment of patients with metastatic cancer.

依靠T淋巴细胞介导的肿瘤抗原识别的免疫疗法可以实现人类癌症的消除。基于它们的细胞起源和表达模式，已经识别出几种类型的抗原，而下一代测序和免疫肽组学的最新成就极大地促进了它们的检测。其中一些已通过各种免疫疗法在临床试验中成为目标，而其他许多仍未经测试。在这里，我们讨论了不同肿瘤抗原类型的分子鉴定，以及通过免疫疗法靶向它们的临床安全性和有效性。此外，我们建议采取策略来提高针对抗原的免疫疗法治疗转移性癌症患者的疗效和可用性。