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Hexavalent chromium in drinking water: Chemistry, challenges and future outlook on Sn(II)- and photocatalyst-based treatment.
Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering ( IF 6.1 ) Pub Date : 2020-08-10 , DOI: 10.1007/s11783-020-1267-4
Haizhou Liu 1 , Xuejun Yu 1
Affiliation  

Chromium (Cr) typically exists in either trivalent and hexavalent oxidation states in drinking water, i.e., Cr(III) and Cr(VI), with Cr(VI) of particular concern in recent years due to its high toxicity and new regulatory standards. This Account presented a critical analysis of the sources and occurrence of Cr(VI) in drinking water in the United States, analyzed the equilibrium chemistry of Cr(VI) species, summarized important redox reaction relevant to the fate of Cr(VI) in drinking water, and critically reviewed emerging Cr(VI) treatment technologies. There is a wide occurrence of Cr(VI) in US source drinking water, with a strong dependence on groundwater sources, mainly due to naturally weathering of chromium-containing aquifers. Challenges regarding traditional Cr(VI) treatment include chemical cost, generation of secondary waste and inadvertent re-generation of Cr(VI) after treatment. To overcome these challenges, reductive Cr(VI) treatment technologies based on the application of stannous tin or electron-releasing titanium dioxide photocatalyst hold extreme promise in the future. To moving forward in the right direction, three key questions need further exploration for the technology implementation, including effective management of residual waste, minimizing the risks of Cr(VI) re-occurrence downstream of drinking water treatment plant, and promote the socioeconomic drivers for Cr(VI) control in the future.



中文翻译:

饮用水中的六价铬:基于 Sn(II) 和光催化剂的处理的化学、挑战和未来展望。

铬 (Cr) 通常以三价和六价氧化态存在于饮用水中,、Cr(III) 和 Cr(VI),其中 Cr(VI) 由于其高毒性和新的监管标准,近年来受到特别关注。本报告对美国饮用水中 Cr(VI) 的来源和发生情况进行了批判性分析,分析了 Cr(VI) 物种的平衡化学,总结了与饮用水中 Cr(VI) 命运相关的重要氧化还原反应水,并对新兴的 Cr(VI) 处理技术进行了严格审查。美国来源饮用水中广泛存在 Cr(VI),对地下水源的依赖性很强,主要是由于含铬含水层的自然风化。传统 Cr(VI) 处理的挑战包括化学成本、二次废物的产生和处理后不经意的 Cr(VI) 再生。为了克服这些挑战,基于亚锡锡或释放电子的二氧化钛光催化剂的还原 Cr(VI) 处理技术在未来具有极大的应用前景。为了朝着正确的方向前进,技术实施需要进一步探索三个关键问题,包括有效管理残留废物、最大限度地降低饮用水处理厂下游 Cr(VI) 再次发生的风险,以及促进社会经济驱动力未来的 Cr(VI) 控制。

更新日期:2020-08-20
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