Movement may fundamentally alter morphology and reproductive states in insects. In long-distance migrants, reproductive diapause is associated with trade-offs between diverse life-history traits such as flight morphology and lifespan. However, many non-diapausing insects engage in shorter resource-driven dispersals. How diapause and other reproductive states alter flight morphology in migrating versus dispersing insects is poorly understood. To find out, we compared flight morphology in different reproductive states of multiple butterfly species. We found that dispersers consisted of ovulating females with higher egg loads compared with non-dispersing females. This trend was in stark contrast with that of migrating female butterflies in reproductive diapause, which made substantially higher investment in flight tissue compared with reproductively active, non-migrating females. Thus, long-distance migration and shorter resource-driven dispersals had contrasting effects on flight morphology and egg loads. By contrast, male flight morphology was not affected by dispersal, migration or associated reproductive states. Thus, dispersal and migration affected resource allocation in flight and reproductive tissue in a sex-specific manner across relatively mobile versus non-dispersing individuals of different species. These findings suggest that dispersals between fragmented habitats may put extra stress on egg-carrying females by increasing their flight burdens.

运动可能会从根本上改变昆虫的形态和生殖状态。在长途移民中，生殖滞育与多种生活史特征（如飞行形态和寿命）之间的权衡有关。然而，许多非滞育昆虫从事更短的资源驱动传播。滞育和其他生殖状态如何改变迁徙与分散昆虫的飞行形态，我们知之甚少。为了找出答案，我们比较了多种蝴蝶在不同繁殖状态下的飞行形态。我们发现，与非分散雌性相比，分散性雌性由具有更高卵子负荷的排卵雌性组成。这种趋势与在生殖滞育中迁徙的雌性蝴蝶形成鲜明对比，与生殖活跃的非迁徙雌性相比，这对飞行组织的投资要高得多。因此，长距离迁移和更短的资源驱动散布对飞行形态和鸡蛋负载产生了对比影响。相比之下，雄性飞行形态不受分散、迁移或相关生殖状态的影响。因此，扩散和迁移以性别特异性的方式影响了飞行和生殖组织中相对流动的不同物种与非分散个体的资源分配。这些发现表明，分散的栖息地之间的分散可能会增加携带卵的雌性的飞行负担，从而给它们带来额外的压力。长距离迁徙和更短的资源驱动散布对飞行形态和卵载量产生了对比影响。相比之下，雄性飞行形态不受分散、迁移或相关生殖状态的影响。因此，扩散和迁移以性别特异性的方式影响了飞行和生殖组织中相对流动的不同物种与非分散个体的资源分配。这些发现表明，分散的栖息地之间的分散可能会增加携带卵的雌性的飞行负担，从而给它们带来额外的压力。长距离迁徙和更短的资源驱动散布对飞行形态和卵载量产生了对比影响。相比之下，雄性飞行形态不受分散、迁移或相关生殖状态的影响。因此，扩散和迁移以性别特异性的方式影响了飞行和生殖组织中相对移动的不同物种与非分散个体的资源分配。这些发现表明，分散的栖息地之间的分散可能会增加携带卵的雌性的飞行负担，从而给它们带来额外的压力。扩散和迁徙以性别特异性的方式影响了飞行和生殖组织中相对流动的不同物种个体与非分散个体的资源分配。这些发现表明，分散的栖息地之间的分散可能会增加携带卵的雌性的飞行负担，从而给它们带来额外的压力。扩散和迁徙以性别特异性的方式影响了飞行和生殖组织中相对流动的不同物种个体与非分散个体的资源分配。这些发现表明，分散的栖息地之间的分散可能会增加携带卵的雌性的飞行负担，从而给它们带来额外的压力。