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Small-scale surface mining of gold placers: Detection, mapping, and temporal analysis through the use of free satellite imagery
International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation ( IF 7.5 ) Pub Date : 2020-08-18 , DOI: 10.1016/j.jag.2020.102194
Elsy Ibrahim , Luisa Lema , Pierre Barnabé , Pierre Lacroix , Eric Pirard

Informal small-scale mining is spread in many countries and provides livelihood to numerous families in rural areas yet often with devastating social and environmental impacts. The alluvial gold mining process in Colombia, also known as placer mining, involves excavations using heavy machinery and creates large footprints of bare soil and mining ponds. The very dynamic nature of this extractive activity and its spread in rural and remote areas make its mapping and monitoring very challenging. The use of freely available satellite data of the Copernicus programme provides great new possibilities to study these activities and provides stakeholders integrated data to better understand the spatial and temporal extent of the activities and mitigate affected areas. The objective of this work is to assess the potential of Sentinel-2 data to identify mining areas and to understand the dynamics in landcover change over a study area located at the border of the municipalities of El Bagre and Zaragoza in Bajo Cauca, Colombia. The study utilizes a classification approach followed by post-processing using field knowledge on a set of images from 2016 to 2019. Sequential pattern mining of classified images shows the likelihood of certain annual and seasonal changes in mining-impacted landcover and in the natural vegetation. The results show a slight reduction in the detected mining areas from 2016 to 2019. On the other hand, there are more mining activities in the dry season than in the wet season. Excavated areas of bare soil have a 50% chance to remain in excavation over the considered period or they transition to non-vegetated areas or mining ponds. Vegetation loss due to the extractive activities corresponds to about 35% while recovered vegetated areas are 7% of the total excavated areas in June 2019. An analysis of abandoned sites using NDVI shows that it takes a much longer period than the one considered in this paper for potential natural recovery of vegetation. Finally, the work was disseminated among stakeholders and the public on MapX (https://mapx.org), an online open platform for mapping and visualizing geospatial data on natural resources. It is a pilot study the will be the basis of the analysis of more regions in the department of Antioquia.



中文翻译:

金矿砂的小规模地面开采:通过使用免费卫星图像进行检测,测绘和时间分析

非正式的小规模采矿在许多国家中蔓延,并为农村地区的许多家庭提供了生计,但常常造成破坏性的社会和环境影响。哥伦比亚的冲积金矿开采工艺(也称为砂金开采)涉及使用重型机械进行挖掘,并造成大面积的裸露土壤和采矿池。这种采掘活动的非常动态的性质及其在农村和偏远地区的传播,使其制图和监测工作极具挑战性。哥白尼计划免费提供的卫星数据的使用为研究这些活动提供了极大的新可能性,并为利益相关者提供了综合数据,以更好地了解活动的时空范围并减轻受影响的地区。这项工作的目的是评估Sentinel-2数据潜力,以识别矿区并了解位于哥伦比亚Bajo Cauca的El Bagre和Zaragoza市边界的研究区的土地覆被变化动态。该研究采用分类方法,然后使用现场知识对2016年至2019年的一组图像进行后处理。对分类图像的顺序模式挖掘显示了受采矿影响的土地覆盖物和自然植被中某些年度和季节性变化的可能性。结果表明,从2016年到2019年,发现的矿区略有减少。另一方面,旱季的采矿活动多于雨季。在考虑的时间内,裸土的开挖区有50%的机会保留在开挖中,或者它们过渡到非植被区或矿池。到2019年6月,由于采掘活动造成的植被损失约占35%,而恢复的植被面积占开挖总面积的7%。使用NDVI进行废弃地的分析表明,其花费的时间比本文考虑的要长得多。潜在的植被自然恢复。最后,这项工作在MapX(https://mapx.org)上在利益相关者和公众中进行了传播,MapX是一个在线开放平台,用于绘制和可视化自然资源上的地理空间数据。这是一项试点研究,将成为分析安蒂奥基亚省更多地区的基础。到2019年6月,由于采掘活动造成的植被损失约占35%,而恢复的植被面积占开挖总面积的7%。使用NDVI进行废弃地的分析表明,其花费的时间比本文考虑的要长得多。潜在的植被自然恢复。最后,这项工作在MapX(https://mapx.org)上在利益相关者和公众中进行了传播,MapX是一个在线开放平台,用于绘制和可视化自然资源上的地理空间数据。这是一项试点研究,将成为分析安蒂奥基亚省更多地区的基础。到2019年6月,由于采掘活动造成的植被损失约占35%,而恢复的植被面积占开挖总面积的7%。使用NDVI进行废弃地的分析表明,其花费的时间比本文考虑的要长得多。潜在的植被自然恢复。最后,这项工作在MapX(https://mapx.org)上在利益相关者和公众中进行了传播,MapX是一个在线开放平台,用于绘制和可视化自然资源上的地理空间数据。这是一项试点研究,将成为分析安蒂奥基亚省更多地区的基础。使用NDVI对废弃地点进行的分析表明,与潜在的植被自然恢复相比,本文花费的时间要比本文中考虑的更长。最后,这项工作在MapX(https://mapx.org)上在利益相关者和公众中进行了传播,MapX是一个在线开放平台,用于绘制和可视化自然资源上的地理空间数据。这是一项试点研究,将成为分析安蒂奥基亚省更多地区的基础。使用NDVI对废弃地点进行的分析表明,与潜在的植被自然恢复相比,本文花费的时间要比本文中考虑的更长。最后,这项工作在MapX(https://mapx.org)上在利益相关者和公众中进行了传播,MapX是一个在线开放平台,用于绘制和可视化自然资源上的地理空间数据。这是一项试点研究,将成为分析安蒂奥基亚省更多地区的基础。

更新日期:2020-08-18
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