With the recent progress in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) technology, especially the new generation of SAR satellites (Sentinel-1 and TerraSAR-X), our ability to assess slope stability in open-pit mines has significantly improved. The main objective of this work is to map ground displacement and slope instability over three open-pit mines, namely, Hambach, Garzweiler and Inden, in the Rhenish coalfields of Germany to provide long-term monitoring solutions for open-pit mining operations and their surroundings. Three SAR datasets, including Sentinel-1A data in ascending and descending orbits and TerraSAR-X data in a descending orbit, were processed by a modified small baseline subset (SBAS) algorithm, called coherence-based SBAS, to retrieve ground displacement related to the three open-pit mines and their surroundings. Despite the continuously changing topography over these active open-pit mines, the small perpendicular baselines of both Sentinel-1A and TerraSAR-X data were not affected by DEM errors and hence could yield accurate estimates of surface displacement. Significant land subsidence was observed over reclaimed areas, with rates exceeding 500 mm/yr, 380 mm/yr, and 310 mm/yr for the Hambach, Garzweiler and Inden mine, respectively. The compaction process of waste materials is the main contributor to land subsidence. Land uplift was found over the areas near the active working parts of the mines, which was probably due to excavation activities. Horizontal displacement retrieved from the combination of ascending and descending data was analysed, revealing an eastward movement with a maximum rate of ∼120 mm/yr on the western flank and a westward movement with a maximum rate of ∼ 60 mm/yr on the eastern flank of the pit. Former open-pit mines Fortuna-Garsdorf and Berghein in the eastern part of Rhenish coalfields, already reclaimed for agriculture, also show subsidence, at locations reaching 150 mm/yr. The interferometric results were compared, whenever possible, with groundwater information to analyse the possible reasons for ground deformation over the mines and their surroundings.

随着合成孔径雷达（SAR）技术的最新进展，特别是新一代SAR卫星（Sentinel-1和TerraSAR-X）的发展，我们评估露天矿边坡稳定性的能力已大大提高。这项工作的主要目的是绘制德国Rhenish煤田的三个露天矿，即Hambach，Garzweiler和Inden的地表位移和边坡失稳图，以便为露天矿开采及其运营提供长期监控解决方案。环境。三种SAR数据集，包括升序和下降轨道上的Sentinel-1A数据以及降落轨道上的TerraSAR-X数据，都经过修改的小基线子集（SBAS）算法（称为基于相干性SBAS）进行处理，以检索与卫星相关的地面位移三个露天矿及其周围环境。尽管这些活跃的露天矿山的地形在不断变化，但Sentinel-1A和TerraSAR-X数据的垂直小基线均不受DEM误差的影响，因此可以准确估计地表位移。在开垦区观察到大量地面沉降，Hambach，Garzweiler和Inden矿山的沉降率分别超过500毫米/年，380毫米/年和310毫米/年。废物的压实过程是造成地面沉降的主要因素。在矿山活动部分附近的地区发现土地隆起，这可能是由于挖掘活动造成的。分析了从上升和下降数据组合中获取的水平位移，揭示了在矿床的西侧向东移动，最大速率约为120毫米/年，在矿井的东侧向西移动最大速率约为60毫米/年。位于雷尼什煤田东部的前露天矿Fortuna-Garsdorf和Berghein已经被回收用于农业，也出现了沉降，其位置达到每年150毫米。尽可能将干涉测量结果与地下水信息进行比较，以分析矿山及其周围地区地面变形的可能原因。