The principles of physics and system sciences are increasingly used in the field of network engineering to design network protocols. This work proposes an energy and congestion aware routing (ECAR) algorithm inheriting the concepts of the potential field. It uses depth and time-variant network parameters to forward the data packets through low congestion and an energy-balanced path. We define a novel forward aware energy density as a decision metric along with residual energy and queue-length for forwarding data packets. It results in network-wide balanced residual energy and enhanced network lifetime. The proposed ECAR algorithm is evaluated for the transmission rounds before the first dead node (FDN) is detected. It is found that in typical traffic conditions, there was an average increment of 45% transmission rounds till the FDN appeared. Moreover, the simulated and theoretical findings are compared using statistical measures that justify its energy and congestion awareness.

在网络工程领域中，越来越多地使用物理学和系统科学的原理来设计网络协议。这项工作提出了一种继承了势场概念的能量和拥塞感知路由（ECAR）算法。它使用深度和时变网络参数通过低拥塞和能量平衡路径转发数据包。我们定义了一种新颖的前向感知能量密度作为决策指标，以及用于转发数据包的剩余能量和队列长度。这样可以在整个网络范围内平衡剩余能量并延长网络寿命。在检测到第一个死节点（FDN）之前，针对传输回合评估了提出的ECAR算法。发现在典型的交通状况下，直到FDN出现之前，传输回合平均增加了45％。