A large variety of periodic tables of the chemical elements have been proposed. It was Mendeleev who proposed a periodic table based on the extensive periodic law and predicted a number of unknown elements at that time. The periodic table currently used worldwide is of a long form pioneered by Werner in 1905. As the first topic, we describe the work of Pfeiffer (Naturwiss. 8:984–991, 1920), who refined Werner’s work and rearranged the rare-earth elements in a separate table below the main table for convenience. Today’s widely used periodic table essentially inherits Pfeiffer’s arrangements. Although long-form tables more precisely represent electron orbitals around a nucleus, they lose some of the features of Mendeleev’s short-form table to express similarities of chemical properties of elements when forming compounds. As the second topic, we compare various three-dimensional (3D) helical periodic tables that resolve some of the shortcomings of the long-form periodic tables in this respect. In particular, we explain how the 3D periodic table “Elementouch” (Maeno in Periodic-table-of-the-elements stationery. Design No. 1149493, Japan Patent Office. https://www.j-platpat.inpit.go.jp/d0000 , 2001), which combines the s- and p-blocks into one tube, can recover features of Mendeleev’s periodic law. Finally we introduce a topic on the recently proposed nuclear periodic table based on the proton magic numbers (Hagino and Maeno in Found Chem 22:267–273, 2020). Here, the nuclear shell structure leads to a new arrangement of the elements with the proton magic-number nuclei treated like noble-gas atoms. We show that the resulting alignments of the elements in both the atomic and nuclear periodic tables are common over about two thirds of the tables because of a fortuitous coincidence in their magic numbers.

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关于元素周期表的三个相关主题

已经提出了多种化学元素周期表。正是门捷列夫根据广泛的周期律提出了元素周期表，并在当时预测了许多未知元素。目前世界范围内使用的元素周期表是由 Werner 在 1905 年开创的长形式。作为第一个主题，我们描述了 Pfeiffer (Naturwiss. 8:984–991, 1920) 的工作，他改进了 Werner 的工作并重新排列了稀土为方便起见，主表下方的单独表中的元素。今天广泛使用的元素周期表基本上继承了 Pfeiffer 的安排。虽然长表格更准确地表示围绕原子核的电子轨道，但它们失去了门捷列夫短表格的一些特征，以表达形成化合物时元素化学性质的相似性。作为第二个话题，我们比较了各种三维 (3D) 螺旋元素周期表，它们解决了长形式元素周期表在这方面的一些缺点。特别地，我们解释了 3D 元素周期表“Elementouch”（元素周期表文具中的 Maeno。设计号 1149493，日本专利局。https://www.j-platpat.inpit.go。 jp/d0000 , 2001)，将 s 和 p 块组合到一个管中，可以恢复门捷列夫周期律的特征。最后，我们介绍了最近提出的基于质子幻数的核周期表的主题（Hagino 和 Maeno in Found Chem 22:267–273, 2020）。在这里，核壳结构导致元素的新排列，质子幻数核被视为惰性气体原子。