Cancer immunotherapy, particularly checkpoint blockade immunotherapy (CBI), has revolutionized the treatment of some cancers by reactivating the antitumor immunity of hosts with durable response and manageable toxicity. However, many cancer patients with low tumor antigen exposure and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments do not respond to CBI. A variety of methods have been investigated to reverse immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments and turn “cold” tumors “hot” with the goal of extending the therapeutic benefits of CBI to a broader population of cancer patients. Immunostimulatory adjuvant treatments, such as cancer vaccines, photodynamic therapy (PDT), radiotherapy (RT), radiotherapy–radiodynamic therapy (RT-RDT), and chemodynamic therapy (CDT), promote antigen presentation and T cell priming and, when used in combination with CBI, reactivate and sustain systemic antitumor immunity. Cancer vaccines directly provide tumor antigens, while immunoadjuvant therapies such as PDT, RT, RT-RDT, and CDT kill cancer cells in an immunogenic fashion to release tumor antigens in situ. Direct administration of tumor antigens or indirect intratumoral immunoadjuvant therapies as in situ cancer vaccines initiate the immuno-oncology cycle for antitumor immune response.

中文翻译：

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用于癌症免疫治疗的纳米级金属有机框架。

癌症免疫疗法，特别是检查点阻断免疫疗法 (CBI)，通过重新激活具有持久反应和可控毒性的宿主的抗肿瘤免疫，彻底改变了某些癌症的治疗。然而，许多具有低肿瘤抗原暴露和免疫抑制肿瘤微环境的癌症患者对 CBI 没有反应。已经研究了多种方法来逆转免疫抑制性肿瘤微环境并使“冷”肿瘤“变热”，目的是将 CBI 的治疗益处扩展到更广泛的癌症患者群体。免疫刺激性辅助治疗，例如癌症疫苗、光动力疗法 (PDT)、放射疗法 (RT)、放射疗法-放射疗法 (RT-RDT) 和化学动力疗法 (CDT)，可促进抗原呈递和 T 细胞启动，并且在联合使用时与 CBI，重新激活和维持全身抗肿瘤免疫。癌症疫苗直接提供肿瘤抗原，而免疫辅助疗法如 PDT、RT、RT-RDT 和 CDT 以免疫原性方式杀死癌细胞以释放肿瘤抗原原地。直接施用肿瘤抗原或间接肿瘤内免疫辅助疗法（如原位癌症疫苗）启动了抗肿瘤免疫反应的免疫肿瘤学周期。