Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common form of age-related dementia that mostly affects the aging population. Clinically, it is a disease characterized by impaired memory and progressive cognitive decline. Although the pathological hallmarks of AD have been traditionally described with a general confinement in the brain, recent studies have shown similar pathological changes in the retina, which is a developmental outgrowth of the forebrain. These AD-related neurodegenerative changes in the retina have been implicated to cause early visual problems in AD even before cognitive impairment becomes apparent. With recent advances in research, the commonly held view that AD-related cerebral pathology causes visual dysfunction through disruption of central visual pathways has been re-examined. Currently, several studies have already explored how AD manifests in the retina and the possibility of using the same retina as a window to non-invasively examine AD-related pathology in the brain. Non-invasive screening of AD through the retina has the potential to improve on early detection and management of the disease since the majority of AD cases are usually diagnosed very late. The purpose of this review is to provide evidence on the involvement of the retina in AD and to suggest a possible direction for future research into the non-invasive screening, diagnosis, and monitoring of AD using the retina.

中文翻译：

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视网膜与阿尔茨海默氏病（AD）的关系：使用眼的无创诊断和与AD相关的病理学监测的证据和当前进展。

阿尔茨海默氏病（AD）是与年龄有关的痴呆症的常见形式，主要影响人口老龄化。临床上，它是一种以记忆力减退和进行性认知下降为特征的疾病。尽管传统上已将AD的病理学特征描述为仅局限在大脑中，但最近的研究表明视网膜中存在类似的病理学变化，这是前脑的发育产物。这些与视网膜相关的与AD相关的神经退行性改变被认为甚至在认知障碍变得明显之前就引起了AD中的早期视觉问题。随着研究的最新进展，关于AD相关的脑病理学通过中枢视觉通路的破坏导致视觉功能障碍的普遍观点已经被重新研究。目前，几项研究已经探索了AD如何在视网膜中表现出来，以及使用同一视网膜作为非侵入性检查大脑中与AD相关的病理的窗口的可能性。通过视网膜的无创性筛查AD有可能改善疾病的早期发现和控制，因为大多数AD病例通常是在很晚才被诊断出来的。这篇综述的目的是提供有关视网膜参与AD的证据，并为将来使用视网膜进行无创筛查，诊断和监测AD的研究提供可能的方向。通过视网膜的无创性筛查AD有可能改善疾病的早期发现和控制，因为大多数AD病例通常是在很晚才被诊断出来的。这篇综述的目的是提供有关视网膜参与AD的证据，并为将来使用视网膜进行无创筛查，诊断和监测AD的研究提供可能的方向。通过视网膜的无创性筛查AD有可能改善疾病的早期发现和控制，因为大多数AD病例通常是在很晚才被诊断出来的。这篇综述的目的是提供有关视网膜参与AD的证据，并为将来使用视网膜进行无创筛查，诊断和监测AD的研究提供可能的方向。