Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common central nervous system (CNS) autoimmune disease. It is due to the interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Current opinion is that diet could play a pathogenic role in disease onset and development. Dietary restriction (DR) without malnutrition markedly improves health and increases lifespan in multiple model organisms. DR regimens that utilize continuous or intermittent food restriction can induce anti-inflammatory, immuno-modulatory and neuroendocrine adaptations promoting health. These adaptations exert neuroprotective effects in the main MS animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). This review summarizes the current knowledge on DR-induced changes in gut microbial composition and metabolite production and its impact on underlying functional mechanisms. Studies demonstrating the protective effects of DR regimens on EAE and people with MS, are also presented. This is a rapidly developing research field with important clinical implications for personalized dietary interventions in MS prevention and treatment.

多发性硬化症 (MS) 是最常见的中枢神经系统 (CNS) 自身免疫性疾病。这是由于遗传和环境因素的相互作用。目前的观点是饮食可能在疾病的发生和发展中发挥致病作用。没有营养不良的饮食限制 (DR) 显着改善了多种模式生物的健康并延长了寿命。利用连续或间歇性食物限制的 DR 方案可以诱导抗炎、免疫调节和神经内分泌适应，从而促进健康。这些适应在主要的 MS 动物模型、实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎 (EAE) 中发挥神经保护作用。本综述总结了目前关于 DR 引起的肠道微生物组成和代谢物产生变化及其对潜在功能机制的影响的知识。还介绍了证明 DR 方案对 EAE 和 MS 患者的保护作用的研究。这是一个快速发展的研究领域，对 MS 预防和治疗中的个性化饮食干预具有重要的临床意义。