The causal closure of physics is usually discussed in a context free way. Here I discuss it in the context of engineering systems and biology, where strong emergence takes place due to a combination of upwards emergence and downwards causation (Ellis, Emergence in Solid State Physics and Biology, 2020, arXiv:2004.13591). Firstly, I show that causal closure is strictly limited in terms of spatial interactions because these are cases that are of necessity strongly interacting with the environment. Effective Spatial Closure holds ceteris parabus, and can be violated by Black Swan Events. Secondly, I show that causal closure in the hierarchy of emergence is a strictly interlevel affair, and in the cases of engineering and biology encompasses all levels from the social level to the particle physics level. However Effective Causal Closure can usefully be defined for a restricted set of levels, and one can experimentally determine Effective Theories that hold at each level. This does not however imply those effective theories are causally complete by themselves. In particular, the particle physics level is not causally complete by itself in the contexts of solid state physics (because of interlevel wave–particle duality), digital computers (where algorithms determine outcomes), or biology (because of time dependent constraints). Furthermore Inextricably Intertwined Levels occur in all these contexts.

中文翻译：

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现实世界中物理学的因果闭合

物理学的因果封闭通常以与上下文无关的方式进行讨论。在这里，我在工程系统和生物学的背景下讨论它，由于向上出现和向下因果关系的结合，出现了强烈的出现（Ellis，固体物理和生物学中的出现，2020，arXiv：2004.13591）。首先，我表明因果闭合在空间相互作用方面受到严格限制，因为这些情况必然与环境发生强烈相互作用。有效的空间封闭具有其他条件，并且可能会被黑天鹅事件所破坏。其次，我表明，出现层次结构中的因果封闭是严格的跨层次事务，在工程和生物学的情况下，涵盖了从社会层面到粒子物理层面的所有层面。然而，有效因果闭合可以有效地为一组有限的水平定义，并且可以通过实验确定在每个水平上成立的有效理论。然而，这并不意味着那些有效的理论本身在因果上是完整的。特别是，在固态物理（由于层间波粒二象性）、数字计算机（算法决定结果）或生物学（由于时间相关约束）的背景下，粒子物理层面本身并不具有因果完整性。此外，在所有这些背景下都存在着密不可分的相互交织的层次。